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Memory B Cells in Autoimmune Diseases
University of Skövde, School of Bioscience. University of Skövde, Systems Biology Research Environment. Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. (Infection Biology)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5460-4246
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

B cells are central components of the adaptive immune system. On their surface, they express a B-cell receptor (BCR), a membrane-bound form of an antibody. Upon activation, B cells differentiate into either antibody-secreting plasma cells (PCs) or memory B cells (MBCs), which are integral parts of the immunological memory. Recently, a heterogeneous subset of MBCs lacking the complement receptor CD21 (CD21–/low) has received much attention due to its accumulation in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), primary Sjögren’s disease (SjD), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This thesis aimed to investigate CD21–/low B cells in the context of RA and SjD to determine their functional role in contributing to disease pathogenesis. To this end, we analyzed peripheral blood MBCs from untreated RA (uRA) patients using flow cytometry and 5’ single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and scV(D)J-seq, and B cells from SjD patients using 5’ scRNA-seq and scV(D)J-seq.

Paper I assessed how BCR and T-cell receptor genes influence 5’ scRNA-seq analysis of B and T cells. Paper II combined flow cytometry and scRNA-seq to analyze CD21–/low B cells in uRA and investigate their role in RA pathology. Paper III extended our analysis of CD21–/low B cells to SjD, comparing their transcriptional and functional profiles to those in uRA, and to current literature.

In conclusion, we have established an analytical protocol for 5’ scRNA-seq data to generate biologically meaningful clusters of B and T cells. Using this protocol alongside flow cytometric analyses, cell cultures and statistical modeling, we propose that CD21–/low MBC subsets play a functional role in RA pathogenesis as antigen-presenting cells, driving Th17 polarization and bone destruction in synovial joints. This contrasts with CD21–/low B cells in SLE, viwhich are PC precursors. We found that CD21–/low MBC subsets in SjD exhibit a transcriptional profile mirroring their counterparts in RA, acting as antigenpresenting cells. Our findings challenge the view that these cells universally serve as PC precursors, instead suggesting disease-dependent functions.

Abstract [sv]

B-celler är en typ av immuncell som till stor del bidrar till det adaptiva immunförsvaret. På sin yta uttrycker varje B-cell en unik B-cellsreceptor (BCR). När en B-cell möter främmande partiklar (antigen) från till exempel virus eller bakterier, binder den dessa till sin BCR. B-cellen aktiveras då och kan utvecklas till plasmaceller, som utsöndrar sin BCR i form av antikroppar, eller minnes-B-celler (MBC), som snabbt kan aktiveras om samma antigen påträffas igen. På så vis skapas ett immunologiskt minne som ger ett långvarigt skydd mot samma patogen. B-celler är dock även inblandade i autoimmuna sjukdomar, när immunförsvaret inte kan skilja på egen och främmande vävnad. En speciell typ av MBC ökar i antal vid flera kroniska inflammationer och autoimmuna sjukdomar. Dessa celler saknar immunreceptorn CD21 på sin yta, som vanligtvis uttrycks av de flesta B-cellerna. Vid ledgångsreumatism (reumatoid artrit; RA) och primärt Sjögrens syndrom (primary Sjögren’s disease; SjD) är det dock inte känt hur dessa CD21-låga MBC bidrar till sjukdom.

I denna avhandling har vi analyserat CD21-låga celler i blod från patienter med RA och SjD. Vi har använt oss av flödescytometry och singel-cell RNA- och VDJ-sekvensering, vilket möjliggör analys av proteiner på utsidan av och inuti celler, samt genuttryck i individuella celler.

Vid singel-cell RNA-sekvensering delas celler in i grupper baserat på likheter i deras genuttryck. I Artikel I utvecklade vi därför ett protokoll som förbättrar grupperingen av B- och T-celler så att de bättre speglar biologiskt relevanta populationer. I Artikel II använde vi detta protokoll i kombination med flödescytometri och statistisk modellering för att analysera CD21-låga MBC vid RA. Våra resultat tyder på att CD21-låga MBC bidrar till RA genom att presentera antigen för T-celler, vilket driver utvecklingen av Th17-celler som i sin tur bidrar till nedbrytning av ledvävnad. I Artikel III jämförde vi genuttrycket hos CD21-låga MBC vid RA och SjD, och kunde visa att de i båda sjukdomarna har en antigenpresenterande roll. Detta skiljer sig från tidigare fynd vid sjukdomen systemisk lupus erythematosus, där CD21-låga MBC istället utvecklas till plasmaceller som producerar antikroppar mot kroppens egna vävnader. Våra resultat pekar således på att CD21-låga MBC kan ha olika funktioner vid olika sjukdomar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Göteborgs universitet, 2025. , p. xvi, 116
Keywords [en]
memory B cells, Tbet, autoimmune disease, single-cell RNA-sequencing, RA, SjD
National Category
Immunology in the Medical Area
Research subject
Infection Biology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:his:diva-25747ISBN: 978-91-8115-320-0 (print)ISBN: 978-91-8115-321-7 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:his-25747DiVA, id: diva2:1991741
Public defence
2025-09-12, Hörsalen våning 3, Guldhedsgatan 10A, Göteborg, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Ett av tre delarbeten (övriga se rubriken Delarbeten/List of papers):

III. Grimstad, K., Engström, E., Sundell, T., Arvidsson, G., Nordlund, J., Syvänen, A-C., Nordmark, G., Tilevik, A., Gjertsson, I., Mårtensson, I-L. A Conserved Antigen-Presenting Signature in Tbet+ B Cells in Primary Sjögren’s Disease and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Manuscript (2025)

Available from: 2025-08-26 Created: 2025-08-25 Last updated: 2025-11-10Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Single-cell RNA sequencing analyses: interference by the genes that encode the B-cell and T-cell receptors
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Single-cell RNA sequencing analyses: interference by the genes that encode the B-cell and T-cell receptors
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2023 (English)In: Briefings in Functional Genomics & Proteomics, ISSN 2041-2649, E-ISSN 2041-2657, Vol. 22, no 3, p. 263-273, article id elac044Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

B and T cells are integral parts of the immune system and are implicated in many diseases, e.g. autoimmunity. Towards understanding the biology of B and T cells and subsets thereof, their transcriptomes can be analyzed using single-cell RNA sequencing. In some studies, the V(D)J transcripts encoding the variable regions of the B- and T-cell antigen receptors have been removed before the analyses. However, a systematic analysis of the effects of including versus excluding these genes is currently lacking. We have investigated the effects of these transcripts on unsupervised clustering and down-stream analyses of single-cell RNA sequencing data from B and T cells. We found that exclusion of the B-/T-cell receptor genes prior to unsupervised clustering resulted in clusters that represented biologically meaningful subsets, such as subsets of memory B and memory T cells. Furthermore, pseudo-time and trajectory inference analyses of early B-lineage cells resulted in a developmental pathway from progenitor to immature B cells. In contrast, when the B-/T-cell receptor genes were not removed, with the PCs used for clustering consisting of up to 70% V-genes, this resulted in some clusters being defined exclusively by V-gene segments. These did not represent biologically meaningful subsets; for instance in the early B-lineage cells, these clusters contained cells representing all developmental stages. Thus, in studies of B and T cells, to derive biologically meaningful results, it is imperative to remove the gene sequences that encode B- and T-cell receptors.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Oxford University Press, 2023
Keywords
BCR-genes, TCR-genes, immunoglobulins, interference, scRNA-seq, single-cell RNA sequencing
National Category
Cell and Molecular Biology Clinical Medicine Immunology in the medical area
Research subject
Infection Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:his:diva-22155 (URN)10.1093/bfgp/elac044 (DOI)000893680100001 ()36473726 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85166264658 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2018-03128Swedish Research Council, 2021-01150Swedish Research Council, 2016-01576Swedish Cancer Society, 19 0464Swedish Childhood Cancer Foundation, PR2018-0170Swedish Childhood Cancer Foundation, PR2020-0147Swedish Childhood Cancer Foundation, TJ2019-0098Swedish Rheumatism Association, R-94129Swedish Rheumatism Association, R-940945Adlerbertska Research FoundationIngaBritt and Arne Lundberg’s Research Foundation
Note

CC BY-NC 4.0

Corresponding author: Inga-Lill Mårtensson, Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. Tel.:+46(0)703640068; E-mail: lill.martensson@rheuma.gu.se

This work was supported by the Swedish Research Council, grants 2018-03128 and 2021-01150 (ILM) and 2016-01576 (IG); the Swedish Cancer Foundation, grant 19 0464 (ILM); the Swedish Childhood Cancer Fund, grants PR2018-0170 and PR2020-0147 (ILM), and TJ2019-0098 (AC); Assar Gabrielsson’s Foundation, FB21-104 (AC); Patient Association for Rheumatic Diseases, R-94129 (ILM) and R-940945 (IG); ALF (agreement between the Government of Sweden and the County Councils), ALFGBG-719631 (IG); Adlerbertska stiftelsen (TS); and the IngaBritt och Arne Lundbergs Foundation (ILM, IG)

Available from: 2022-12-21 Created: 2022-12-21 Last updated: 2025-09-29Bibliographically approved
2. Correlation of Professional Antigen-Presenting Tbet+CD11c+ B Cells With Bone Destruction in Untreated Rheumatoid Arthritis
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Correlation of Professional Antigen-Presenting Tbet+CD11c+ B Cells With Bone Destruction in Untreated Rheumatoid Arthritis
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2024 (English)In: Arthritis & Rheumatology, ISSN 2326-5191, E-ISSN 2326-5205, Vol. 76, no 8, p. 1263-1277Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Objective: Subsets of CD21−/low memory B cells (MBCs), including double-negative (DN, CD27−IgD−) and Tbet+CD11c+ cells, are expanded in chronic inflammatory diseases. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), CD21−/low MBCs correlate with joint destruction. However, whether this is due to the Tbet+CD11c+ subset, its function and pathogenic contribution to RA are unknown. This study aims to investigate the association between CD21−/lowTbet+CD11c+ MBCs and joint destruction as well as other clinical parameters and to elucidate their functional properties in patients with untreated RA (uRA). Methods: Clinical observations were combined with flow cytometry (n = 36) and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and V(D)J sequencing (n = 4) of peripheral blood (PB) MBCs from patients with uRA. The transcriptome of circulating Tbet+CD11c+ MBCs was compared with scRNA-seq data of synovial B cells. In vitro coculture of Tbet+CD11c+ B cells with T cells was used to assess costimulatory capacity. Results: CD21−/lowTbet+CD11c+ MBCs in PB correlated with bone destruction but no other clinical parameters analyzed. The Tbet+CD11c+ MBCs have undergone clonal expansion and express somatically mutated V genes. Gene expression analysis of these cells identified a unique signature of more than 150 up-regulated genes associated with antigen presentation functions, including B cell receptor activation and clathrin-mediated antigen internalization; regulation of actin filaments, endosomes, and lysosomes; antigen processing, loading, presentation, and costimulation; a transcriptome mirrored in their synovial tissue counterparts. In vitro, Tbet+CD11c+ B cells induced retinoic acid receptor–related orphan nuclear receptor γT expression in CD4+ T cells, thereby polarizing to Th17 cells, a T cell subset critical for osteoclastogenesis and associated with bone destruction. Conclusion: This study suggests that Tbet+CD11c+ MBCs contribute to the pathogenesis of RA by promoting bone destruction through antigen presentation, T cell activation, and Th17 polarization. (Figure presented.). 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2024
National Category
Immunology in the medical area Clinical Medicine Cell and Molecular Biology
Research subject
Infection Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:his:diva-23888 (URN)10.1002/art.42857 (DOI)001228295000001 ()38570939 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85193702753 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2020-06193Swedish Research Council, 2016-01576Swedish Research Council, 2018-03128Swedish Research Council, 2021-01150Swedish Rheumatism Association, R-982095Swedish Rheumatism Association, R-94129Swedish Cancer Society, 19-0464Swedish Cancer Society, 22-2467PjIngaBritt and Arne Lundberg’s Research Foundation, LU2020-0061IngaBritt and Arne Lundberg’s Research Foundation, LU2015-093IngaBritt and Arne Lundberg’s Research Foundation, LU2019-0031Foundation for Assistance to Disabled People in SkaneTornspiran FoundationWilhelm och Martina Lundgrens Vetenskapsfond
Note

CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED

© 2024 The Authors. Arthritis & Rheumatology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American College of Rheumatology.

Correspondence Address: I.-L. Mårtensson; Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; email: lill.martensson@rheuma.gu.se

Supported by the Swedish Research Council (grants 2020-06193 to Dr Ekwall, 2016-01576 to Dr Gjertsson, and 2018-03128 and 2021-01150 to Dr Mårtensson); Patient Association for Rheumatic Diseases (grants R-982095 to Dr Gjertsson and R-94129 to Dr Mårtensson); King Gustav V Stiftelse (grant FAI-2022-0876 to Dr Gjertsson); The Swedish Cancer Foundation (grants 19-0464 and 22-2467Pj to Dr Mårtensson); ALF (agreement; the Swedish government and the county council) (grants ALFGBG-926321 to Dr Ekwall, ALFGBG-719631 to Dr Gjertsson, and ALFGBG-277797 to Dr Mårtensson); and IngaBritt och Arne Lundbergs Foundation (grants LU2020-0061 to Dr Gjertsson and LU2015-093 and LU2019-0031 to Dr Mårtensson). Dr McGrath’s work was supported by The Foundation for assistance to disabled people in Skane (“Stiftelsen för bistånd åt Rörelsehindrade i Skåne”), Tornspiran Foundation, Mary von Sydows Foundation, and Wilhelm and Martina Lundgrens Foundation.

Available from: 2024-05-30 Created: 2024-05-30 Last updated: 2025-09-29Bibliographically approved

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