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The Parenthood Journey: A time of vulnerability and change in a digital age
University of Skövde, School of Health Sciences. University of Skövde, Digital Health Research (DHEAR). (Family-Centred Health (FamCeH))ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9971-6919
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Becoming a parent describes as challenging, even perceived as a crisis, affecting well-being and evoking existential inquiries. Aim: The aim was to understand the meaning of becoming a parent and factors associated with parental-couple relation during the transition to parenthood. Methods: An illuminative and explorative design with Qualitative (Study I & II), Mixed- (Study III) and Quantitative- (Study IV) methods. Data was collected through open-ended interviews and questionnaire surveys. Study I and II involve expecting and new parents. Study III and IV include a cohort of first-time mothers and their partners. The data were analyzed using a phenomenological hermeneutic approach (Study I & II), qualitative content analysis, Kaplan-Meier estimates (Study III), and statistical regression models (Study III & IV). Results: The meaning of becoming a mother was experienced as to be profoundly touched and changed. Through a sense of belonging and being present in the moment, mothers open up to the possibility of being profoundly emotionally affected. Mothers are balancing between being part of different contexts and managing on their own, are open to love, and want to be mothered themselves. Mothers experience a deepened bodily awareness and inherent vulnerability, and they develop their new selves. Further, becoming a father means feeling connected to their child, partner, and friends and creating strategies entailing flexibility, engagement, management, support and solitude in their new situation. The mothers and fathers use digital media for support. There were higher odds of relationship stability for those mothers and partners with a high sense of coherence, perceived social support, and perceived quality of dyadic relationships. Parents experience multidimensional vulnerability in the parental-couple relationship, and their well-being is negatively affected by the unpredictability of everyday life. The findings indicate that parental-couple separation was significantly associated with a low or changing sense of coherence, social support, and quality of parental-couple relationship. There was a lower risk of parental-couple separation for mothers attending professional preparatory support with the father and for fathers receiving professional support by attending large-group parental classes for expectant parents. Conclusions: Becoming a parent means being profoundly emotionally touched and there is a vulnerability and change during the transition to parenthood. Being a parent means focusing on the child and encounter new, intense, elevated feelings that touch them deep inside, which can change them. Essential when becoming a parent is to actively act and create strategies for daily life by being flexible and searching for belonging and support from close family and significant others, and to use digital media for support. The vulnerability in parents transition to parenthood seems related to existential health.

Abstract [sv]

Att bli förälder beskrivs som utmanande, till och med en kris, som påverkar välbefinnandet och framkallar existentiella funderingar. Syfte: Syftet med detta projekt är att förstå innebörden av att bli förälder och de faktorer som är förknippade med parrelationer under övergången till föräldraskap. Metoder: Denna belysande och explorativa design omfattar kvalitativa (studie I och II), mixade- (studie III) och kvantitativa (studie IV) metoder. Data samlas in genom öppna intervjuer och enkäter. Studier I och II omfattar blivande och nyblivna föräldrar. Studier III och IV omfattar en kohort av förstföderskor och deras partners. Data analyseras med en fenomenologisk hermeneutisk ansats (studie I och II), kvalitativ innehållsanalys, Kaplan–Meier skattningar (Studie III) och statistiska regressionsmodeller (studier III och IV). Resultat: Meningen med att bli mamma upplevs som djupt berörande och förändrande. Genom en känsla av tillhörighet och att vara närvarande i nuet öppnar mammor möjligheten att bli djupt känslomässigt påverkad. Mammor balanserar att vara en del av olika sammanhang och klara sig på egen hand, är öppna för kärlek och vill själva bli mammade. Dessutom upplever mammor en djupare kroppslig medvetenhet och inneboende sårbarhet, och de utvecklar sitt nya jag. Att bli pappa innebär dessutom att känna sig kopplad till sitt barn, sin partner och sina vänner och att skapa strategier som innebär flexibilitet, engagemang, ledning, stöd och ensamhet i sin nya situation. Dessutom använder mammor och pappor digitala medier som stöd. Det finns högre odds för relationsstabilitet för mammor och pappor med en hög känsla av sammanhang, upplevt socialt stöd och upplevd kvalitet på parrelationer. Föräldrar upplever en mångdimensionell sårbarhet i sin parrelation och deras välbefinnande påverkas negativt av oförutsägbarheten i vardagen. Fynden indikerar att föräldrapars separation är signifikant förknippad med en låg eller föränderlig känsla av sammanhang, socialt stöd och kvalitet i parrelationen. Det finns en lägre risk för separation mellan föräldrar, för mammor som deltar i professionellt förberedande stöd tillsammans med pappan och för pappor som får professionellt stöd genom att gå i stora föräldraklasser för blivande föräldrar. Slutsats: Att bli förälder innebär att bli kraftigt berörd känslomässigt, och det finns sårbarhet och förändring under övergången till föräldraskap. Att vara förälder innebär att fokusera på barnet och möta nya, intensiva, förhöjda känslor som berör dem innerst inne som kan förändra dem. När man blir förälder är det väsentligt att aktivt agera och skapa strategier för det dagliga livet genom att vara flexibel och söka tillhörighet och stöd från nära familj och betydelsefulla andra och att använda digitala medier som stöd. Sårbarheten i föräldrars övergång till föräldraskap verkar relaterad till existentiell hälsa.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Skövde: University of Skövde , 2025. , p. xxi, 117
Series
Dissertation Series ; 64
Keywords [en]
Existential, Father, Health, Hermeneutics, Meaning, Mother, Parents, Phenomenology, Transition to Parenthood, Well-Being
Keywords [sv]
Existentiell, Pappa, Hälsa, Hermeneutik, Mening, Mamma, Föräldrar, Fenomenologi, Övergång till föräldraskap, Välbefinnande
National Category
Nursing Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine
Research subject
Family-Centred Health
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:his:diva-25157Libris ID: k4dxz9m8hs1v2424ISBN: 978-91-989080-1-5 (print)ISBN: 978-91-989080-2-2 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:his-25157DiVA, id: diva2:1959618
Public defence
2025-06-13, University of Skövde, Building G, Room G110, Skövde, 13:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Ett av fyra delarbeten (övriga se rubriken Delarbeten/List of papers):

3. Gamgam Leanderz, Å., Thorstensson, S., Henricson, M., Larsson, M. & Bäckström, C. (2025). Parental-couple well-being and relationship stability 4 years following childbirth – a mixed-method study. (submitted)

Available from: 2025-05-21 Created: 2025-05-21 Last updated: 2025-09-29Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. The Meaning of Becoming a Mother. A Phenomenological‐Hermeneutic Study
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2025 (English)In: Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, ISSN 0283-9318, E-ISSN 1471-6712, Vol. 39, no 1, article id e70011Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background and Aim

The transition to motherhood is a life-changing period with dilemmas relating to meaning and relationships. These experiences are described as individual and can be related to existential questions and relationships with family and others, as well as whether healthcare professionals, when meeting with becoming mothers, miss promoting existential aspects. This study aimed to illuminate the meaning of becoming a mother during the transition to motherhood.

Methodological Design

The study used an explorative design with a phenomenological hermeneutic approach. Data were collected through open-ended interviews with 22 mothers, eight of whom were pregnant at the time of the interview.

Results

The meaning of becoming a mother was experienced as being profoundly touched and changed. By a sense of belonging and being present in the moment, mothers open up to the possibility of being profoundly emotionally affected, which is understood as essential to their meaning of becoming a mother.

Conclusion

This study reveals that mothers experience intense emotions that can make them vulnerable and open to change, which seems to promote their development of themselves.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2025
Keywords
becoming a mother, meaning, phenomenological hermeneutic, reflexive, transition, transition to parenthood
National Category
Nursing
Research subject
Family-Centred Health
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:his:diva-24974 (URN)10.1111/scs.70011 (DOI)001445512300001 ()40091146 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-105000403929 (Scopus ID)
Funder
University of Skövde
Note

CC BY 4.0

Correspondence: Åsa Gamgam Leanderz (asa.gamgam.leanderz@his.se)

Funding: The study was conducted within the PhD project financed by the University of Skövde and the Institute of Skaraborg.

Available from: 2025-03-24 Created: 2025-03-24 Last updated: 2025-09-29Bibliographically approved
2. What It Means to Become a Father
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2025 (English)In: American Journal of Men's Health, ISSN 1557-9883, E-ISSN 1557-9891, Vol. 19, no 2Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

For fathers, the transition to parenthood can be experienced as an emotional phase. Fathers often state feeling overlooked and unsupported during their transition to parenthood. This study addressed this issue by exploring what it means to become a father—a qualitative design with a phenomenological hermeneutical approach. Data were collected through open-ended interviews with 19 fathers living in Sweden. The participants were encouraged to reflect on the meaning of becoming a father. Becoming a father means feeling connectedness to their child, their partner, and their friends, as well as creating strategies entailing flexibility, engagement, management, support, and solitude in their new situation. Fathers use digital media for support to create strategies, but it can evoke anxiety. The meaning of becoming a father concludes that they are deeply affected by the new situation. To support fathers during their transition to parenthood, midwives and child healthcare nurses should facilitate reflective conversations with them about their experiences of becoming a father. This study was guided by the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research Checklist.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sage Publications, 2025
Keywords
men, parent, pregnancy, phenomenological hermeneutic, transition, well-being
National Category
Nursing
Research subject
Family-Centred Health
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:his:diva-24977 (URN)10.1177/15579883251323251 (DOI)001454600300001 ()40145892 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-105001482844 (Scopus ID)
Funder
University of Skövde
Note

CC BY 4.0

Corresponding Author: Åsa Leanderz, School of Health Sciences, University of Skövde, Post Box 408, Skövde 541 28, Sweden. Email: asa.gamgam.leanderz@his.se

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The study was conducted within the PhD project financed by the University of Skövde and the Institute of Skaraborg.

Available from: 2025-03-31 Created: 2025-03-31 Last updated: 2025-09-29Bibliographically approved
3. Parental-couple separation during the transition to parenthood
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Parental-couple separation during the transition to parenthood
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2021 (English)In: Nursing Open, E-ISSN 2054-1058, Vol. 8, no 5, p. 2622-2636Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

AIM: To evaluate factors associated with parental separation during the parenthood transition.

DESIGN: Prospective, longitudinal and explorative.

METHODS: This is a quantitative longitudinal study of N784 subjects throughout the pregnancy journey with multivariate regression analysis of survey data derived from three validated measurement scales; the Sense of Coherence scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and the Perceived Quality of the Dyadic Relationship scale conducted 2014-2016.

RESULTS: N17 participants separated at 2 years. Parental separation was significantly greater for those women and partners with low or changing sense of coherence, perceived social support and perceived quality of the parental-couple relationship indexes. Partners with a change in sense of coherence (p: .003) and perceived quality of the parental-couple relationship (p: .020) between 1 week and 2 years were at greater risk for separation. Attending professional preparatory support with a partner for women (p: .013) and attending the "Inspirational Lecture" for partners (p: .046) were, to a lesser extent, associated with a risk of parental separation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2021
Keywords
divorce, midwife, parenthood, pregnancy, transition
National Category
Nursing
Research subject
Woman, Child and Family (WomFam); Wellbeing in long-term health problems (WeLHP)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:his:diva-19540 (URN)10.1002/nop2.803 (DOI)000622179500001 ()33638297 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85101774489 (Scopus ID)
Note

CC BY-NC 4.0

First published: 26 February 2021

Correspondence: Åsa Gamgam Leanderz

Available from: 2021-03-18 Created: 2021-03-18 Last updated: 2025-09-29Bibliographically approved

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