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Knowing Me, Knowing You: Bridging Perspectives through Age Suit Simulation Intervention in Nursing Education
University of Skövde, School of Health Sciences. University of Skövde, Digital Health Research (DHEAR). School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Sweden. (Wellbeing in Long-term Health Problems (WeLHP))ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4432-2701
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background: The ongoing shift in healthcare from hospital settings to care in the home reflected in the Good and Close Care reform indicates that newly graduated nurses will increasingly provide care for older persons in their own homes. Person-centred care, which underpins this integrated reform, depends on understanding the patient as a person by adopting their perspective. However, sustaining such care within a highly specialised health system remains challenging. Nursing students may feel unprepared for, and lack motivation to engage in, the care of older persons. In addition, age-related stereotypes within society and among care providers present further barriers.

These challenges highlight the need for didactic strategies that strengthen students’ knowledge of person-centred care for older persons. Age-suit simulation, which promotes perspective-taking by allowing participants to ‘walk in an older person’s shoes’, has been shown to enhance empathy and improve attitudes. However, previous research has made limited use of age suits and has rarely simulated the oldest age group (85+). Moreover, earlier studies have often overlooked realistic home environments and have lacked both longitudinal evaluation and a clear theoretical foundation.

Aim: The overall aim of this thesis was to study nursing students’ experiences of an age-suit simulation intervention grounded in experiential learning within a home environment.

Method: The four studies employed different research designs. Studies I and IV were quantitative. Study I used a quasi-experimental pre-test–post-test design with a control group, while Study IV adopted a longitudinal design. Differences between groups were analysed using the Mann–Whitney U-test, and multiple regression analysis was applied to examine effects over time. Studies II and III adopted qualitative, inductive designs. Study II was based on group interviews conducted during reflection seminars and employed reflexive thematic analysis. Study III was an observational study in which the data were also analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.

Results: Participation in the age-suit simulation had a significant effect on increasing scores on the Perspectives on Caring for Older Patients-Short Form (PCOP-SF) both immediately after the simulation and throughout the remainder of the nursing programme. This indicates that the intervention enhanced students’ favourable perspectives towards caring for older persons. Female sex and a greater number of years of prior work experience were also associated with reporting more favourable perspectives, as measured using the PCOP-SF. Students reported that the age-suit simulation increased their awareness of the vulnerability and loneliness that older persons may experience when living with various impairments. The embodied experience of the physical, psychological, and social impacts of ageing served as an important reference point in students’ post-simulation reflections. As highlighted in the findings, students’ new insights and understandings were often related to key concepts of person-centred care, such as preserving dignity and autonomy by being patient, allowing sufficient time in care situations, and getting to know and focusing on what matters to the person. The home environment, including the use of welfare technology, was described by students as presenting both potential risks—such as fall hazards or technology that is not suited to the individual—and opportunities, as an accessible home could alleviate some of the challenges associated with living with impairments. A prominent finding concerned the impact of impaired vision, which was explored further when students simulated the roles of a blind person and an attendant. During these simulations, two distinct approaches to collaboration were observed: students either adapted to one another’s limitations or became distant from each other. In both approaches, a key influencing factor was students’ ability and motivation to establish and maintain effective verbal and non-verbal communication.

Conclusions: This thesis revealed that students who participated in the age-suit simulation held more favourable attitudes towards caring for older persons compared to those who did not participate. The findings support the timing of the intervention in the second year of a three-year programme. In this study, the age suit was employed as a geriatric suit, which may account for the immersive and challenging nature of the experience. The results also provide support for using experiential learning theory as a framework for age-suit simulation, as the outcomes align with the concepts of the learning cycle. In particular, students perceived the simulation as an extraordinary experience that prompted reflection and critical thinking, leading to new insights and understanding. As demonstrated in the findings and discussed in this thesis, the age-suit simulation particularly drew students’ attention to a heightened sense of vulnerability, including experiences of isolation and loneliness. Another perspective on vulnerability emerged from dependence on a healthcare system in which personhood is often overlooked. Students further reported that the simulation influenced their anticipated clinical practice. In particular, the importance of being patient, allowing sufficient time, and being fully present was highlighted as a key takeaway from the simulation, essential for preserving dignity and autonomy when caring for older persons.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: God och nära vård innebär ett nytt perspektiv - att ställa om från organisation till person. Målet är att ge en nära, samordnad och personcentrerad vård som bidrar till en helhetssyn på människan vilket är särskilt gynnsamt för hälsan bland äldre personer som kan leva med flertalet olika och långvariga hälsoproblem vilket leder till komplexa vårdbehov. Förskjutningen av ansvar mot primär och kommunal vård innebär också att framtidens sjuksköterskor i större utsträckningen kommer att möta och vårda äldre personer i hemmet. Det finns dock utmaningar i att sjuksköterskestudenter kan känna sig oförberedda och omotiverade att vårda äldre personer. Vidare är ålderism ett problem som inte bara genomsyrar samhället men även hälso-och sjukvården och blivande sjuksköterskor. Det är därför viktigt att möta dessa utmaningar redan i sjuksköterskeutbildningen genom att utveckla nya didaktiska strategier så som simuleringen i äldredräkt. Denna simulering bygger på att studenten skiftar perspektiv och får en glimt av hur det kan vara att som en äldre person leva med olika åldersrelaterade hälsoproblem, viket i tidigare forskning visat sig kan stärka studentens empati och förståelse. Dock saknar tidigare studier kontexten av en hemlik miljö, teoretisk grund samt långvariga effekter av simulering i äldredräkt. Vidare har äldredräktens funktion ofta begränsats till att simulera det normala åldrandet och därmed inte inkluderat hälsoproblem som är vanligt bland personer över 85 år.

Syfte: Det övergripande syftet i denna avhandling var att studera sjuksköterskestudenters erfarenheter av en intervention med simulering i äldredräkt baserad på erfarenhetsbaserat lärande i en hemlik miljö.

Metod: Avhandlingens fyra studier omfattar olika design. I studie I tillämpades kvantitativ metod med en pretest-posttest design och en kontrollgrupp. Studie IV var också kvantitativ och inkluderade en kontrollgrupp i en longitudinell design. Skillnader mellan grupper analyserades genom Mann Whitney- U test. Multipel regressionsanalys tillämpades för att observera effekten över tid. Studie II baserades på gruppintervjuer från reflektionsseminarium och analyserades genom reflexiv tematisk analys. Studie III var en observationsstudie där video-data analyserades genom reflexiv tematisk analys.

Resultat: Studenter som deltog i interventionen förbättrande sina resultat i utfallsmåttet Perspectives on Caring for Older Patients - PCOP-SF både på kort och lång sikt, jämfört med kontrollgruppen. Att vara kvinna, äldre och ha mer än två års yrkeserfarenhet var signifikanta faktorer som var förenade med mer gynnsamma perspektiv på att vårda äldre personer. Simuleringen äldredräkten innebar ett förkroppsligat lärande som infattande både fysiska, psykologiska och sociala dimensioner av att leva med olika hälsoproblem och funktionsnedsättning. Resultaten visar att denna erfarenhet var en viktig utgångspunkt i studenters reflektioner som ökade deras insikt och förståelse för den utsatthet och ensamhet en äldre person kan uppleva i sin vardag. Studenterna beskrev att simuleringen även ökat deras fördjupning och förståelse av personcentrering i och med att vara närvarande, lära känna och ta sin tid med den äldre personen, bevara integritet och autonomi. Dessa var viktiga aspekter stundetern såg sig kunna integrera i klinisk praxis. Resultatet visar även att studenterna fick ett nytt perspektiv på hemmet som vårdmiljö där välfärdsteknologi sågs både som en möjlighet för personcentrering men även en fara för integritet och autonomi tekniken inte var anpassad efter individuella behov. Ett viktigt resultat var stundernas känsla av nedsatt syn som det värsta bland alla hälsoproblem. Synnedsättning studerades mer specifikt i sammanhanget av att vara en blind äldre person och att vara en äldre person som ledsagar den blinda. Resultatet visar att studenterna tog sig an dessa roller på två helt skilda sätt av att antingen samarbeta och arbeta tillsammans eller att fokusera på de egna behoven och bli allt mer distanserande från varandra. En avgörande aspekt i denna simuleringen och vilka roller som studenterna antog observerades som deras förmåga till verbal och icke verbal förmåga att kommunicera med varandra.

Konklusion: Denna avhandling visar på att stundeter som genomgått simulering i äldredräkt har mer gynnsamma perspektiv på att vårda äldre personer än stundeter som inte genomförde simuleringen. Avhandlingen ger även stöd för att andra året i sjuksköterskeprogrammet är en relevant tidpunkt att genomföra interventionen. Som denna avhandling visar användes äldredräkten som en geriatrisk äldredräkt vilket kan förklara att simuleringen blev särskilt uppslukande och utmanande för studenterna. Resultaten ger stöd för att simulering i äldredräkt lämpar sig att genomföra som en didaktisk strategi baserat på erfarenhetsbaserat lärande. Mer specifikt, upplevelsen i interventionen är förenligt lär-cykelns extraordinära upplevelse som en förutsättning för att fördjupa lärandet genom reflektion och tanke. Som påvisats i resultat och genom diskussion in denna avhandling, förefaller simulering i äldredräkt specifikt göra studenterna uppmärksamma på utsatthet vilket inkluderade olika perspektiv på ensamhet. Ett av dessa perspektiv var utsatthet i förhållande till ett hälso- och sjukvårdsystem som saknar personcentrering. Simuleringen hade även implikationer för studenternas fortsatta kliniska verksamhet, mer specifikt att vara närvarande, tålmodig och ta sin tid sågs som särskilt viktigt för att bevara värdighet och autonomi hos den äldre personen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Jönköping: Jönköping University, School of Health and Welfare , 2026. , p. 100, 3
Series
Dissertation Series. School of Health and Welfare, ISSN 1654-3602 ; 150
Keywords [en]
Age-suit simulation, experiential learning, home, home care, intervention, nursing, nursing students, person-centred care, reflection
National Category
Nursing
Research subject
Wellbeing in long-term health problems (WeLHP)
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:his:diva-26130ISBN: 978-91-88669-75-9 (print)ISBN: 978-91-88669-76-6 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:his-26130DiVA, id: diva2:2033546
Public defence
2026-02-27, G110, Skövde, 13:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
The Kamprad Family Foundation
Note

Två av fyra delarbeten (övriga se rubriken Delarbeten/List of papers):

Study III Bouwmeester Stjernetun, B., Hallgren, J., Odzakovic, E., & Gillsjö, C. Pull through together or be detached? A qualitative study of experiential learning in nurse education during interaction in age suit simulation. Submitted

Study IV Bouwmeester Stjernetun, B., Gillsjö, C., Odzakovic., E & Hallgren, J. The sustainability of age suit intervention among nursing students – a longitudinal cohort study. In manuscript

Available from: 2026-02-03 Created: 2026-01-29 Last updated: 2026-02-04Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Effects of an age suit simulation on nursing students’ perspectives on providing care to older persons – an education intervention study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effects of an age suit simulation on nursing students’ perspectives on providing care to older persons – an education intervention study
2024 (English)In: Educational gerontology, ISSN 0360-1277, E-ISSN 1521-0472, Vol. 50, no 3, p. 240-253Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Nursing students are important future health care providers to the growing number of older persons in society. However, two barriers are their common ageist attitudes and lack of interest in geriatrics. This is a concern in light of the global demand for nurses and a challenge that need to be addressed in nurse education. Age suit simulation has been shown to affect the attitudes of students toward older persons, but the important context of home is often missing from studies. Accordingly, the present study employed a quantitative approach with the goal of investigating the effects of aging simulation with an age suit in a home context as a part of experiential learning among second-year nursing students. The age simulation allowed the students to experience both specific and common health problems from the patient’s point of view in a controlled environment and a relevant context: the home. Data were collected using a questionnaire in a quasi-experimental pretest – posttest design with a control group. Results showed that the intervention had a positive effect on various aspects of the nursing students’ perspectives on caring for older persons. Work experience was associated with more positive attitudes. The control group was more negative toward geriatrics as a career choice than the intervention group. In conclusion, age suit simulation can be an innovative part of nurse education because it raises awareness and understanding of the health challenges of older persons, which are important in combating ageism among future nurses.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis Group, 2024
National Category
Nursing Gerontology, specialising in Medical and Health Sciences Geriatrics
Research subject
Wellbeing in long-term health problems (WeLHP)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:his:diva-23229 (URN)10.1080/03601277.2023.2258051 (DOI)001067372900001 ()2-s2.0-85171580015 (Scopus ID)
Funder
The Kamprad Family Foundation, 20210227
Note

CC BY 4.0

Published online: 18 Sep 2023

Taylor & Francis Group an informa business

CONTACT Björn Bouwmeester Stjernetun bjorn.stjernetun@his.se School of Health and Education, University of Skövde, Box 408, Skövde SE-541 28, Sweden

This work was supported by the Kamprad Family Foundation for Entrepreneurship, Research & Charity in Sweden [grant number 20210227]. It was also supported by the School of Health Sciences, University of Skövde, Sweden

Available from: 2023-09-20 Created: 2023-09-20 Last updated: 2026-01-29Bibliographically approved
2. ”It´s like walking in a bubble”, nursing students´ perspectives on age suit simulation in a home environment – group interviews from reflection seminars
Open this publication in new window or tab >>”It´s like walking in a bubble”, nursing students´ perspectives on age suit simulation in a home environment – group interviews from reflection seminars
2024 (English)In: BMC Nursing, E-ISSN 1472-6955, Vol. 23, no 1, article id 124Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background

Older persons with age-related and complex health problems will increasingly depend on care provision from nurses in their own homes. However, a barrier to quality care is ageism and nursing students´ disinterest in geriatrics. In addition, nurse education often falls short in preparing students for the complexity of geriatric care. Welfare technology (WT) is progressively implemented in home care to help older persons live at home despite their health problems. However, this process is intricate and requires acceptance and digital literacy among caregivers and older persons. Despite these challenges, nurse education can address and change negative attitudes through innovative teaching methods such as age suit simulation. Therefore, the study aims to describe nursing students´ experiences of age suit simulation in a home-like environment with WT and technical aids, and will reveal their perspective on ageing and providing care to older adults.

Methods

A qualitative explorative design using semi-structured group interviews (n=39) among nursing students. Data was analysed through reflexive thematic analysis.

Results

The analysis generated three main themes; “It’s like walking in a bubble”, “An eye opener” and “Concerns about ageing and the current structure of geriatric care”. The main themes included eight subthemes. Adapting to the sensory and physical limitations of the age suit was an immersive experience and caused feelings of frustration, loneliness and disconnection. A prominent result was a raised awareness of cognitive loss, especially impaired vision, and students felt the simulations had made them aware of the everyday challenges older persons faced. Students highlighted the importance of patience and giving enough time in care situations by being present and having a critical perspective of WT. The students were mostly negative towards their own ageing and could better relate to older persons´ vulnerability.

Conclusions

Age suit simulation was described as an embodied and eye-opening experience, raising nursing students´ awareness of older persons´ functional limitations and the consequences for dignity and independence. Coping with cognitive loss was especially difficult. Students were motivated to apply their new knowledge to clinical practice. Age suit simulation can complement geriatric education, preparing students for the complex care needs of older persons.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
BioMed Central (BMC), 2024
Keywords
Age suit simulation, Education, Nursing students, Ageism, Older persons, Welfare technology, Experiential learning theory
National Category
Nursing Gerontology, specialising in Medical and Health Sciences Geriatrics
Research subject
Wellbeing in long-term health problems (WeLHP)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:his:diva-23620 (URN)10.1186/s12912-024-01792-5 (DOI)001163632800001 ()38365670 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85185338217 (Scopus ID)
Funder
University of SkövdeThe Kamprad Family Foundation, 20210227
Note

CC BY 4.0 DEED

Correspondence: Björn Bouwmeester Stjernetun Bjorn.stjernetun@his.se

© 2024 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Part of Springer Nature.

Open access funding provided by University of Skövde. This study was funded by the Kamprad Family Foundation for Entrepreneurship, Research & Charity in Sweden [grant number 20210227] and the University of Skövde.

Available from: 2024-02-20 Created: 2024-02-20 Last updated: 2026-01-29Bibliographically approved

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23456785 of 24
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