Högskolan i Skövde

Objective: To investigate how a range of variables, both physiological (sleep architecture, serum follicle-stimulating hormone (S-FSH), anthropometric and blood pressure measures) and non-physiological (stressful life events, education), are associated with symptoms of distress, anxiety, and depression from premenopause to postmenopause and at postmenopause.

Methods: We recruited 64 women (ages 45–47). Data were derived from an in-house questionnaire, the Brief Symptom Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, a sleep questionnaire, physiological measurements, and polysomnography at baseline and at ten-year follow-up.

Results: During the follow-up, an increase in weight was associated with an increase in anxiety as recorded by the Brief Symptom Inventory (p = 0.012, R2 = 0.117). Cross-sectionally, at postmenopause, state anxiety was associated with an increase in blood pressure and S-FSH, delayed REM sleep, and the use of menopausal hormone therapy (pSTAI-S < 0.001, R2 = 0.343). Distress and depressive symptoms were associated with stressful life events and a lower level of education but also with an increase in diastolic blood pressure and use of hormone therapy (pBSI < 0.001, R2 = 0.328 and pBDI < 0.001, R2 = 0.312). Sleep disruptions were associated with psychological symptoms but vasomotor symptoms were not.

Conclusions: The change in psychological symptoms during the follow-up was modest. At postmenopause, distress and depressive symptoms were associated with a range of physiological and non-physiological parameters, but state anxiety only with physiological parameters. At postmenopause, psychological symptoms were more sensitive to sleep disruptions than were vasomotor symptoms.