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  • 1.
    Atif, Yacine
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Ding, Jianguo
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Lindström, Birgitta
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Jeusfeld, Manfred
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Andler, Sten F.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Yuning, Jiang
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Brax, Christoffer
    CombiTech AB, Skövde, Sweden.
    Gustavsson, Per M.
    CombiTech AB, Skövde, Sweden.
    Cyber-Threat Intelligence Architecture for Smart-Grid Critical Infrastructures Protection2017Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Critical infrastructures (CIs) are becoming increasingly sophisticated with embedded cyber-physical systems (CPSs) that provide managerial automation and autonomic controls. Yet these advances expose CI components to new cyber-threats, leading to a chain of dysfunctionalities with catastrophic socio-economical implications. We propose a comprehensive architectural model to support the development of incident management tools that provide situation-awareness and cyber-threats intelligence for CI protection, with a special focus on smart-grid CI. The goal is to unleash forensic data from CPS-based CIs to perform some predictive analytics. In doing so, we use some AI (Artificial Intelligence) paradigms for both data collection, threat detection, and cascade-effects prediction. 

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  • 2.
    Atif, Yacine
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Jiang, Yuning
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Jeusfeld, Manfred A.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Ding, Jianguo
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Lindström, Birgitta
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Andler, Sten F.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Brax, Christoffer
    Combitech.
    Haglund, Daniel
    Combitech.
    Lindström, Björn
    Combitech.
    Cyber-threat analysis for Cyber-Physical Systems: Technical report for Package 4, Activity 3 of ELVIRA project2018Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Smart grid employs ICT infrastructure and network connectivity to optimize efficiency and deliver new functionalities. This evolu- tion is associated with an increased risk for cybersecurity threats that may hamper smart grid operations. Power utility providers need tools for assessing risk of prevailing cyberthreats over ICT infrastructures. The need for frameworks to guide the develop- ment of these tools is essential to define and reveal vulnerability analysis indicators. We propose a data-driven approach for design- ing testbeds to evaluate the vulnerability of cyberphysical systems against cyberthreats. The proposed framework uses data reported from multiple components of cyberphysical system architecture layers, including physical, control, and cyber layers. At the phys- ical layer, we consider component inventory and related physi- cal flows. At the control level, we consider control data, such as SCADA data flows in industrial and critical infrastructure control systems. Finally, at the cyber layer level, we consider existing secu- rity and monitoring data from cyber-incident event management tools, which are increasingly embedded into the control fabrics of cyberphysical systems.

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  • 3.
    Atif, Yacine
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Jiang, Yuning
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Lindström, Birgitta
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Ding, Jianguo
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Jeusfeld, Manfred
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Andler, Sten
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Nero, Eva
    Combitech, Sweden.
    Brax, Christoffer
    Combitech, Sweden.
    Haglund, Daniel
    Combitech, Sweden.
    Multi-agent Systems for Power Grid Monitoring: Technical report for Package 4.1 of ELVIRA project2018Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This document reports a technical description of ELVIRA project results obtained as part of Work- package 4.1 entitled “Multi-agent systems for power Grid monitoring”. ELVIRA project is a collaboration between researchers in School of IT at University of Skövde and Combitech Technical Consulting Company in Sweden, with the aim to design, develop and test a testbed simulator for critical infrastructures cybersecurity. This report outlines intelligent approaches that continuously analyze data flows generated by Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems, which monitor contemporary power grid infrastructures. However, cybersecurity threats and security mechanisms cannot be analyzed and tested on actual systems, and thus testbed simulators are necessary to assess vulnerabilities and evaluate the infrastructure resilience against cyberattacks. This report suggests an agent-based model to simulate SCADA- like cyber-components behaviour when facing cyber-infection in order to experiment and test intelligent mitigation mechanisms. 

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  • 4.
    Brax, Christoffer
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Anomaly Detection in the Surveillance Domain2011Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In the post September 11 era, the demand for security has increased in virtually all parts of the society. The need for increased security originates from the emergence of new threats which differ from the traditional ones in such a way that they cannot be easily defined and are sometimes unknown or hidden in the “noise” of daily life.

    When the threats are known and definable, methods based on situation recognition can be used find them. However, when the threats are hard or impossible to define, other approaches must be used. One such approach is data-driven anomaly detection, where a model of normalcy is built and used to find anomalies, that is, things that do not fit the normal model. Anomaly detection has been identified as one of many enabling technologies for increasing security in the society.

    In this thesis, the problem of how to detect anomalies in the surveillance domain is studied. This is done by a characterisation of the surveillance domain and a literature review that identifies a number of weaknesses in previous anomaly detection methods used in the surveillance domain. Examples of identified weaknesses include: the handling of contextual information, the inclusion of expert knowledge and the handling of joint attributes. Based on the findings from this study, a new anomaly detection method is proposed. The proposed method is evaluated with respect to detection performance and computational cost on a number datasets, recorded from real-world sensors, in different application areas of the surveillance domain. Additionally, the method is also compared to two other commonly used anomaly detection methods. Finally, the method is evaluated on a dataset with anomalies developed together with maritime subject matter experts. The conclusion of the thesis is that the proposed method has a number of strengths compared to previous methods and is suitable foruse in operative maritime command and control systems.

  • 5.
    Brax, Christoffer
    et al.
    Training Systems and Information Fusion, Business Area Electronic Defence Systems, Saab AB, Skövde, Sweden.
    Dahlbom, Anders
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    A Study of Anomaly Detection in Data from Urban Sensor Networks2012In: Modeling Decisions for Artificial Intelligence: 9th International Conference, MDAI 2012, Girona, Catalonia, Spain, November 21-23, 2012. Proceedings / [ed] Vicenç Torra; Yasuo Narukawa; Beatriz López; Mateu Villaret, Springer Berlin/Heidelberg, 2012, p. 185-196Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In many sensor systems used in urban environments, the amount of data produced can be vast. To aid operators of such systems, high-level information fusion can be used for automatically analyzing the surveillance information. In this paper an anomaly detection approach for finding areas with traffic patterns that deviate from what is considered normal is evaluated. The use of such approaches could help operators in identifying areas with an increased risk for ambushes  or improvised explosive devices (IEDs).

  • 6.
    Brax, Christoffer
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre. Electronic Defense Systems, Saab AB, Sweden.
    Karlsson, Alexander
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Andler, Sten F.
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Johansson, Ronnie
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Niklasson, Lars
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Evaluating Precise and Imprecise State-Based Anomaly Detectors for Maritime Surveillance2010In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Information Fusion, IEEE, 2010, p. Article number 5711997-Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We extend the State-Based Anomaly Detection approach by introducing precise and imprecise anomaly detectors using the Bayesian and credal combination operators, where evidences over time are combined into a joint evidence. We use imprecision in order to represent the sensitivity of the classification regarding an object being  normal or anomalous. We evaluate the detectors on a real-world maritime dataset containing recorded AIS data and show that the anomaly detectors outperform   previously proposed detectors based on Gaussian mixture models and kernel density estimators. We also show that our introduced anomaly detectors perform slightly better than the State-Based Anomaly Detection approach with a sliding window.

  • 7.
    Brax, Christoffer
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Niklasson, Lars
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    An approach for increased supply chain security by using automatic detection of anomalous vehicle behavior2009In: CD-ROM Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Modeling Decisions for Artificial Intelligence (MDAI 2009), 2009, p. 165-176Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In recent years, the development of low-cost GPS transceivers has made it possible to equip all trucks in a fleet with equipment for automatically reporting the status of the trucks to a fleet management system. The downside is that the huge amount of information that is gathered must be evaluated in real-time by an operator. We propose the use of a data-driven anomaly detection algorithm that learns "normal" vehicle behaviour and detects anomalous behaviour such as smuggling, accidents and hijacking, The algorithm is evaluated on real-world data from trucks and commuters equipped with GPS transceivers. The results give initial support to the claim that anomaly detection based on statistical learning can be used to support human descision making. This ability can increase supply chain security by alerting an operator on anomalous vehicle behaviour.

  • 8.
    Brax, Christoffer
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Niklasson, Lars
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Enhanced situational Awareness in the Maritime Domain: An Agent-based Approach for Situation Management2009In: Intelligent Sensing, Situation Management, Impact Assessment, and Cyber-Sensing: Proceedings of SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing 2009 / [ed] Stephen Mott, John F Buford, Gabriel Jakobson, SPIE Press , 2009, p. Aticle ID 735203-Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Maritime Domain Awareness is important for both civilian and military applications. An important part of MDA is detection of unusual vessel activities such as piracy, smuggling, poaching, collisions, etc. Today's interconnected sensorsystems provide us with huge amounts of information over large geographical areas which can make the operators reach their cognitive capacity and start to miss important events. We propose and agent-based situation management system that automatically analyse sensor information to detect unusual activity and anomalies. The system combines knowledge-based detection with data-driven anomaly detection. The system is evaluated using information from both radar and AIS sensors.

  • 9.
    Brax, Christoffer
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Niklasson, Lars
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Laxhammar, Rikard
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    An ensemble approach for increased anomaly detection performance in video surveillance data2009In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION 2009), Seattle, Washington, USA, 6–9 July 2009, IEEE conference proceedings, 2009, p. 694-701Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The increased societal need for surveillance and the decrease in cost of sensors have led to a number of new challenges. The problem is not to collect data but to use it effectively for decision support. Manual interpretation of huge amounts of data in real-time is not feasible; the operator of a surveillance system needs support to analyze and understand all incoming data. In this paper an approach to intelligent video surveillance is presented, with emphasis on finding behavioural anomalies. Two different anomaly detection methods are compared and combined. The results show that it is possible to best increase the total detection performance by combining two different anomaly detectors rather than employing them independently.

     

  • 10.
    Brax, Christoffer
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Niklasson, Lars
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Smedberg, Martin
    Saab Microwave Systems, Saab AB, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Finding behavioural anomalies in public areas using video surveillance data2008In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Information Fusion: Cologne, Germany, June 30 - July 03, 2008, IEEE, 2008, p. 1655-1662Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

     In this paper we propose an approach forvdetecting anomalies in data from visual surveillancevsensors. The approach includes creating a structure for representing data, building “normal models” by filling the structure with data for the situation at hand, and finally detecting deviations in the data. The approach allows detections based on the incorporation of a priori knowledge about the situation and on data-driven analysis. The main advantages with the approach compared to earlier work is the low computational requirements, iterative update of normal models and a high explainability of found anomalies. The proposed approach is evaluated off-line using real-world data and the results support that the approach could be used to detect anomalies in real-time applications.

     

  • 11.
    Butler, Simon
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Gamalielsson, Jonas
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Lundell, Björn
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Brax, Christoffer
    Combitech AB, Linköping, Sweden.
    Mattsson, Anders
    Husqvarna AB, Huskvarna, Sweden.
    Gustavsson, Tomas
    PrimeKey Solutions AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Feist, Jonas
    RedBridge AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Kvarnström, Bengt
    Saab AB, Linköping, Sweden.
    Lönroth, Erik
    Scania CV AB, Södertälje, Sweden.
    Considerations and challenges for the adoption of open source components in software-intensive businesses2022In: Journal of Systems and Software, ISSN 0164-1212, E-ISSN 1873-1228, Vol. 186, article id 111152Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Component-Based Software Development is a conventional way of working for software-intensive businesses and OpenSource Software (OSS) components are frequently considered by businesses for adoption and inclusion in softwareproducts. Previous research has found a variety of practices used to support the adoption of OSS components, in-cluding formally specified processes and less formal, developer-led approaches, and that the practices used continue todevelop. Evolutionary pressures identified include the proliferation of available OSS components and increases in thepace of software development as businesses move towards continuous integration and delivery. We investigate workpractices used in six software-intensive businesses in the primary and secondary software sectors to understand currentapproaches to OSS component adoption and the challenges businesses face establishing effective work practices to eval-uate OSS components. We find businesses have established processes for evaluating OSS components and communitiesthat support more complex and nuanced considerations of the cost and risks of component adoption alongside matterssuch as licence compliance and functional requirements. We also found that the increasing pace and volume of softwaredevelopment within some businesses provides pressure to continue to evolve software evaluation processes.

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  • 12.
    Butler, Simon
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Gamalielsson, Jonas
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Lundell, Björn
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Brax, Christoffer
    Combitech AB, Linköping, Sweden.
    Mattsson, Anders
    Husqvarna AB, Huskvarna, Sweden.
    Gustavsson, Tomas
    PrimeKey Solutions AB, Solna, Sweden.
    Feist, Jonas
    RedBridge AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Kvarnström, Bengt
    Saab AB, Linköping, Sweden.
    Lönroth, Erik
    Scania CV AB, Södertälje, Sweden.
    On business adoption and use of reproducible builds for open and closed source software2023In: Software quality journal, ISSN 0963-9314, E-ISSN 1573-1367, Vol. 31, no 3, p. 687-719Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Reproducible builds (R-Bs) are software engineering practices that reliably create bit-for-bit identical binary executable files from specified source code. R-Bs are applied in someopen source software (OSS) projects and distributions to allow verification that the distrib-uted binary has been built from the released source code. The use of R-Bs has been advo-cated in software maintenance and R-Bs are applied in the development of some OSS secu-rity applications. Nonetheless, industry application of R-Bs appears limited, and we seekto understand whether awareness is low or if significant technical and business reasonsprevent wider adoption. Through interviews with software practitioners and business man-agers, this study explores the utility of applying R-Bs in businesses in the primary and sec-ondary software sectors and the business and technical reasons supporting their adoption.We find businesses use R-Bs in the safety-critical and security domains, and R-Bs are valu-able for traceability and support collaborative software development. We also found thatR-Bs are valued as engineering processes and are seen as a badge of software quality, butwithout a tangible value proposition. There are good engineering reasons to use R-Bs inindustrial software development, and the principle of establishing correspondence betweensource code and binary offers opportunities for the development of further applications.

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  • 13.
    Butler, Simon
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Gamalielsson, Jonas
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Lundell, Björn
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Brax, Christoffer
    Combitech AB, Linköping, Sweden.
    Mattsson, Anders
    Husqvarna AB, Huskvarna, Sweden.
    Gustavsson, Tomas
    PrimeKey Solutions AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Feist, Jonas
    RedBridge AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Lönroth, Erik
    Scania IT AB, Södertälje, Sweden.
    Maintaining interoperability in open source software: A case study of the Apache PDFBox project2020In: Journal of Systems and Software, ISSN 0164-1212, E-ISSN 1873-1228, Vol. 159, article id 110452Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Software interoperability is commonly achieved through the implementation of standards for communication protocols or data representation formats. Standards documents are often complex, difficult to interpret, and may contain errors and inconsistencies, which can lead to differing interpretations and implementations that inhibit interoperability. Through a case study of two years of activity in the Apache PDFBox project we examine day-to-day decisions made concerning implementation of the PDF specifications and standards in a community open source software (OSS) project. Thematic analysis is used to identify semantic themes describing the context of observed decisions concerning interoperability. Fundamental decision types are identified including emulation of the behaviour of dominant implementations and the extent to which to implement the PDF standards. Many factors influencing the decisions are related to the sustainability of the project itself, while other influences result from decisions made by external actors, including the developers of dependencies of PDFBox. This article contributes a fine grained perspective of decision-making about software interoperability by contributors to a community OSS project. The study identifies how decisions made support the continuing technical relevance of the software, and factors that motivate and constrain project activity. 

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  • 14.
    Butler, Simon
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Gamalielsson, Jonas
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Lundell, Björn
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Brax, Christoffer
    Combitech AB, Linköping, Sweden.
    Persson, Tomas
    Digitalist Sweden AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Mattsson, Anders
    Husqvarna AB, Huskvarna, Sweden.
    Gustavsson, Tomas
    PrimeKey Solutions AB, Solna Sweden.
    Feist, Jonas
    RedBridge AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Öberg, Jonas
    Scania CV AB, Södertälje, Sweden.
    An Exploration of Openness in Hardware and Software Through Implementation of a RISC-V Based Desktop Computer2022In: OpenSym '22: Proceedings of the 18th International Symposium on Open Collaboration / [ed] Gregorio Robles; Amel Charleux; Igor Steinmacher; Javier Arroyo; Antonio Balderas; Gemma Catolino; Alexandre Decan; Francisco Martín-Rico; Amit Kumar Verma, New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2022, article id 4Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Open hardware and open source software platforms bring benefits to both implementers and users in the form of system adaptability and maintainability, and through the avoidance of lock-in, for example. Development of the \riscv\ Instruction Set Architecture and processors during the last ten years has made the implementation of a desktop computer using open hardware, including open processors, and open source software an approaching possibility. We use the SiFive Unmatched development board and Ubuntu Linux, and the recorded experiences of system builders using the Unmatched board to explore the extent to which it is possible to create an open desktop computer. The work identifies current limitations to implementing an open computer system, which lie mainly at the interface between the operating system and hardware components. Potential solutions to the challenges uncovered are proposed, including greater consideration of openness during the early stages of product design. A further contribution is made by an account of the synergies arising from open collaboration in a private-collective innovation process.

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  • 15.
    Butler, Simon
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Gamalielsson, Jonas
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Lundell, Björn
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Brax, Christoffer
    Combitech AB, Linköping, Sweden.
    Sjöberg, Johan
    Findwise AB, Göteborg, Sweden.
    Mattsson, Anders
    Husqvarna AB, Huskvarna, Sweden.
    Gustavsson, Thomas
    PrimeKey Solutions AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Feist, Jonas
    RedBridge AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Lönroth, Erik
    Scania IT AB, Södertälje, Sweden.
    On Company Contributions to Community Open Source Software Projects2021In: IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, ISSN 0098-5589, E-ISSN 1939-3520, Vol. 47, no 7, p. 1381-1401Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The majority of contributions to community open source software (OSS) projects are made by practitioners acting on behalf of companies and other organisations. Previous research has addressed the motivations of both individuals and companies to engage with OSS projects. However, limited research has been undertaken that examines and explains the practical mechanisms or work practices used by companies and their developers to pursue their commercial and technical objectives when engaging with OSS projects. This research investigates the variety of work practices used in public communication channels by company contributors to engage with and contribute to eight community OSS projects. Through interviews with contributors to the eight projects we draw on their experiences and insights to explore the motivations to use particular methods of contribution. We find that companies utilise work practices for contributing to community projects which are congruent with the circumstances and their capabilities that support their short- and long-term needs. We also find that companies contribute to community OSS projects in ways that may not always be apparent from public sources, such as employing core project developers, making donations, and joining project steering committees in order to advance strategic interests. The factors influencing contributor work practices can be complex and are often dynamic arising from considerations such as company and project structure, as well as technical concerns and commercial strategies. The business context in which software created by the OSS project is deployed is also found to influence contributor work practices.

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  • 16.
    Fooladvandi, Farzad
    et al.
    Saab Microwave Systems, Training systems and Information Fusion Skövde, Sweden.
    Brax, Christoffer
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre. Saab Microwave Systems.
    Gustavsson, Per
    Saab Microwave Systems, Training systems and Information Fusion Skövde, Sweden.
    Fredin, Mikael
    Saab Microwave Systems, Training systems and Information Fusion Skövde, Sweden.
    Signature-based activity detection based on Bayesian networks acquired from expert knowledge2009In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION 2009), ISIF , 2009, p. 436-443Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

     

    The maritime industry is experiencing one of its longest and fastest periods of growth. Hence, the global maritime surveillance capacity is in a great need of growth as well. The detection of vessel activity is an important objective of the civil security domain. Detecting vessel activity may become problematic if audit data is uncertain. This paper aims to investigate if Bayesian networks acquired from expert knowledge can detect activities with a signature-based detection approach. For this, a maritime pilot-boat scenario has been identified with a domain expert. Each of the scenario’s activities has been divided up into signatures where each signature relates to a specific Bayesian network information node. The signatures were implemented to find evidences for the Bayesian network information nodes. AIS-data with real world observations have been used for testing, which have shown that it is possible to detect the maritime pilot-boat scenario based on the taken approach.

     

  • 17.
    Gamalielsson, Jonas
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Lundell, Björn
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Brax, Christoffer
    Combitech AB, Sweden.
    Persson, Tomas
    Digitalist Sweden AB, Sweden.
    Mattsson, Anders
    Husqvarna AB, Sweden.
    Gustavsson, Tomas
    PrimeKey Solutions AB, Sweden.
    Feist, Jonas
    RedBridge AB, Sweden.
    On availability of Open Source Software reference implementations for standards issued by different standards setting organisations2023In: Joint Proceedings EURAS & SIIT 2023: (Responsible) Standardisation for Smart Systems / [ed] Kai Jakobs, Aachen: Verlag Mainz , 2023, p. 97-116Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Software reference implementations of ICT standards have an important role for verifying that a standard is implementable, supporting interoperability testing among other implementations, and providing feedback to the standard development process. Providing reference implementations and widely used implementations of a standard as Open Source Software also promotes wide deployment in software systems, avoidance of different lock-in effects, interoperability, and longevity of systems and associated digital assets. In this paper results are reported on the availability of reference implementations and widely deployed implementations provided as Open Source Software for standards issued by different standards setting organisations. Specifically, findings draw from observations and analyses related to software implementations for identified standards issued by ETSI, IEC, IEEE, IETF, ISO, ITU-T, OASIS, and W3C.

  • 18.
    Gamalielsson, Jonas
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Lundell, Björn
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Brax, Christoffer
    Combitech AB.
    Persson, Tomas
    Digitalist Sweden AB.
    Mattsson, Anders
    Husqvarna AB.
    Gustavsson, Tomas
    PrimeKey Solutions AB.
    Feist, Jonas
    RedBridge AB.
    Open Source Software reference implementations for standards issued by different standards setting organisations: availability, perceptions and practices2024In: Journal of Standardisation, ISSN 2772-9249, Vol. 3, no 2, article id 1Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Software reference implementations of ICT standards have an important role for verifying that a standard is implementable, supporting interoperability testing among other implementations, and providing feedback to the standard development process. Providing reference implementations and widely used implementations of a standard as Open Source Software promotes wide deployment in software systems, interoperability, longevity of systems and associated digital assets, and avoidance of different lock-in effects. In this paper results are reported on the availability of, and perceptions and practices concerning, reference implementations and widely deployed implementations provided as Open Source Software for standards issued by different standards setting organisations. Specifically, findings draw from observations and analyses related to software implementations for identified standards and policy statements, issued by ETSI, IEC, IEEE, IETF, ISO, ITU-T, OASIS, and W3C.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 19.
    Gamalielsson, Jonas
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Lundell, Björn
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Butler, Simon
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Brax, Christoffer
    Combitech AB, Skövde, Sweden.
    Persson, Tomas
    Digitalist Sweden AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Mattsson, Anders
    Husqvarna AB, Huskvarna, Sweden.
    Gustavsson, Tomas
    PrimeKey Solutions AB, Solna, Sweden.
    Feist, Jonas
    RedBridge AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Lönroth, Erik
    Scania CV AB, Södertälje, Sweden.
    Towards open government through open source software for web analytics: The case of Matomo2021In: eJournal of eDemocracy & Open Government, E-ISSN 2075-9517, Vol. 13, no 2, p. 133-153Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Web analytics technologies provide opportunities for organisations to obtain information about users visiting their websites in order to understand and optimise web usage. Use of such technologies often leads to issues related to data privacy and potential lock-in to specific suppliers and proprietary technologies. Use of open source software (OSS) for web analytics can create conditions for avoiding issues related to data privacy and lock-in, and thereby provides opportunities for a long-term sustainable solution for organisations both in the public and private sectors. This paper characterises use of and engagement with OSS projects for web analytics. Specifically, we contribute a characterisation of use of OSS licensed web analytics technologies in Swedish government authorities, and a characterisation of organisational engagement with the Matomo OSS project for web analytics.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 20.
    Gamalielsson, Jonas
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Lundell, Björn
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Butler, Simon
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Brax, Christoffer
    Combitech AB, Sweden.
    Persson, Tomas
    Digitalist Sweden AB, Sweden.
    Mattsson, Anders
    Husqvarna AB, Sweden.
    Gustavsson, Tomas
    PrimeKey Solutions AB, Sweden.
    Feist, Jonas
    RedBridge AB, Sweden.
    Öberg, Jonas
    Scania CV AB, Sweden.
    On engagement with ICT standards and their implementations in open source software projects: the case of WebRTC2022In: Proceedings 26th EURAS Annual Standardisation Conference: Standards for Digital Transformation: Blockchain and Innovation / [ed] Kai Jakobs; Dong-hyu Kim, Aachen: Verlag Mainz , 2022, p. 143-162Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Real-time communication (RTC) technologies for the web provide opportunities for individuals and organisations to work and collaborate remotely, and the need for such technologies has recently increased. Use of RTC technologies and tools for the web involves a number of challenges concerning data privacy and lock-in effects, such as dependency to specific suppliers and proprietary technologies. Use of open standards for RTC and open source software (OSS) implementing such standards can create conditions for avoiding issues related to data privacy and lock-in, and thereby provides opportunities for long-term sustainable solutions. The paper characterises how engagement with standardisation of WebRTC in the context of IETF and W3C is related to engagement with the WebRTC OSS project.

  • 21.
    Gamalielsson, Jonas
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Lundell, Björn
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Butler, Simon
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Brax, Christoffer
    Combitech AB, Sweden.
    Persson, Tomas
    Digitalist Sweden AB, Sweden.
    Mattsson, Anders
    Husqvarna AB, Sweden.
    Gustavsson, Tomas
    PrimeKey Solutions AB, Sweden.
    Feist, Jonas
    Redbridge AB, Sweden.
    Öberg, Jonas
    Scania CV AB, Sweden.
    On Engagement with Open Source Software, Open Source Hardware, and Standard Setting: The Case of White Rabbit2022In: OpenSym '22: Proceedings of the 18th International Symposium on Open Collaboration / [ed] Gregorio Robles; Amel Charleux; Igor Steinmacher; Javier Arroyo; Antonio Balderas; Gemma Catolino; Alexandre Decan; Francisco Martín-Rico; Amit Kumar Verma, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2022Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 22.
    Gustavsson, Per M.
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. Modeling and Simulation, Sensor and Information Networks, Ericsson Microwave Systems AB, Skövde, Sweden / De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.
    Björk, Åsa
    Modeling and Simulation, Sensor and Information Networks, Ericsson Microwave Systems AB, Skövde, Sweden.
    Brax, Christoffer
    Modeling and Simulation, Sensor and Information Networks, Ericsson Microwave Systems AB, Skövde, Sweden.
    Planstedt, Tomas
    Modeling and Simulation, Sensor and Information Networks, Ericsson Microwave Systems AB, Skövde, Sweden.
    Towards Service Oriented Simulations2004In: Fall Simulation Interoperability Workshop 2004: FallSIW 04, 2004, p. 219-229Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In the effort to provide simulation support to the future Network Based Defence (NBD)1 that are currently being applied by the Swedish Armed Forces (SwAF), the authors opinion is that simulation should be treated as any other services and use the same architectural requirements addressed in the SwAF Enterprise Architecture (FMA)2 and in subsidiary documents.

    The choice so far for simulation is the High Level Architecture (HLA). During the author’s participation in ongoing work supporting NBD, questions have gradually been raised if HLA is the simulation path to walk. In the Core Enterprise Services (CES) and FMA Services IT-Kernel, core services are specified and HLA do address a lot of non-simulation specific services giving unwanted redundancy. However, the services already defined may with some enhancements deliver the same services addressed within CES and FMA Services IT-Kernel. Furthermore, HLA also comes with the Federation Development and Execution Process (FEDEP) that introduce process methodology to build HLA federations. Basically FEDEP is a software development process for distributed systems. The Next Generation HLA could be more than just a simulation standard if it utilizes the FMA ideas and avoids the green HLA elephant3.

    In this paper the authors present the ongoing work, as it stands today, with Service Oriented Simulations, that is an outlook for simulation using the architectural structuring, services, components and infrastructures concepts evolving in FMA and with the Global Information Grid (GIG) Enterprise Services (GES) in mind. The focus is to identify simulation services that encapsulate the core features of simulation. Thereby reducing redundancy in methodology and service as well as enabling interoperable simulation support for the whole system lifecycle – Acquisition, Development, Training, Planning, In-the-Field decision support, System removal – within NBD, entailing that the architecture for simulation is uniform regardless of its application and giving end-users the capability to focus on what to simulate instead of how to simulate.

  • 23.
    Gustavsson, Per M.
    et al.
    Research and Concept Development, M&S and Information Fusion, Ericsson, Ericsson, Skövde, Sweden.
    Brax, Christoffer
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics.
    An Agent Architecture for Multi-Hypothesis Intention Simulation: An Ontology Driven Interoperabilty Architecture2006In: The 10th World Multi-Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics (WMSCI 2006), International Institute of Informatics and Systemics, 2006, Vol. 4, p. 77-82Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 24.
    Jeusfeld, Manfred A.
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Jiang, Yuning
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Ding, Jianguo
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Atif, Yacine
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Haglund, Daniel
    Combitech AB.
    Brax, Christoffer
    Combitech AB.
    Taxonomy of Events and Components in the Power Grid: Technical description for work packages 3.1 and 3.2 of the ELVIRA Project2018Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This document reports a technical description of ELVIRA project results obtained as part of Work-package 3.1&3.2 entitled “Taxonomy of Critical Infrastructure (Taxonomy of events + Taxonomy of CI component and relationship)”. ELVIRA project is a collaboration between researchers in School of IT at University of Skövde and Combitech Technical Consulting Company in Sweden, with the aim to design, develop and test a testbed simulator for critical infrastructures cybersecurity.

    Download full text (pdf)
    HS-IIT-TR-18-001
  • 25.
    Jiang, Yuning
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Ding, Jianguo
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Atif, Yacine
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Jeusfeld, Manfred
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Andler, Sten
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Lindström, Birgitta
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Brax, Christoffer
    Combitech, Sweden.
    Haglund, Daniel
    Combitech, Sweden.
    Complex Dependencies Analysis: Technical Description of Complex Dependencies in Critical Infrastructures, i.e. Smart Grids. Work Package 2.1 of the ELVIRA Project2018Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This document reports a technical description of ELVIRA project results obtained as part of Work-package 2.1 entitled “Complex Dependencies Analysis”. In this technical report, we review attempts in recent researches where connections are regarded as influencing factors to  IT systems monitoring critical infrastructure, based on which potential dependencies and resulting disturbances are identified and categorized. Each kind of dependence has been discussed based on our own entity based model. Among those dependencies, logical and functional connections have been analysed with more details on modelling and simulation techniques.

    Download full text (pdf)
    ELVIRA_2.1-HS-IIT-TR-18-003.Complex-Dependencies-Analysis
  • 26.
    Jiang, Yuning
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Jeusfeld, Manfred A.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Atif, Yacine
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Ding, Jianguo
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Brax, Christoffer
    Combitech AB, Skövde, Sweden.
    Nero, Eva
    Combitech AB, Skövde, Sweden.
    A Language and Repository for Cyber Security of Smart Grids2018In: 2018 IEEE 22nd International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference (EDOC 2018) / [ed] Selmin Nurcan; Pontus Johnson, Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE, 2018, p. 164-170Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Power grids form the central critical infrastructure in all developed economies. Disruptions of power supply can cause major effects on the economy and the livelihood of citizens. At the same time, power grids are being targeted by sophisticated cyber attacks. To counter these threats, we propose a domain-specific language and a repository to represent power grids and related IT components that control the power grid. We apply our tool to a standard example used in the literature to assess its expressiveness.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 27.
    Lundell, Björn
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Butler, Simon
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Fischer, Thomas
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Gamalielsson, Jonas
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Brax, Christoffer
    Combitech AB, Linköping, Sweden.
    Feist, Jonas
    RedBridge AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Gustavsson, Tomas
    PrimeKey Solutions AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Katz, Andrew
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment. Moorcrofts LLP, UK.
    Kvarnström, Bengt
    SAAB Aeronautics, Linköping, Sweden.
    Lönroth, Erik
    Scania CV AB, Södertälje, Sweden.
    Mattsson, Anders
    Husqvarna AB, Huskvarna, Sweden.
    Effective Strategies for Using Open Source Software and Open Standards in Organizational Contexts: Experiences From the Primary and Secondary Software Sectors2022In: IEEE Software, ISSN 0740-7459, E-ISSN 1937-4194, Vol. 39, no 1, p. 84-92Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Open source software (OSS) and open standards have become increasingly important for addressing challenges related to lock-in, interoperability and long-term maintenance of systems and associated digital assets. OSS projects operate under different conditions and many projects and organisations consider successful governance and strategic involvement with projects to constitute major challenges. Today, many companies seek to establish work practices which facilitate strategic engagement with OSS projects. Based on findings from collaborative research which draws from rich insights and extensive experiences from practice, the paper presents seven actionable strategies for organisations that seek to leverage long-term involvement with OSS projects. 

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 28.
    Lundell, Björn
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Lindroth, Mathias
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment. ACF Legal International AB, Malmö, Sweden.
    Gamalielsson, Jonas
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Katz, Andrew
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment. Bristows LLP, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
    Brax, Christoffer
    Combitech AB, Skövde, Sweden.
    Persson, Tomas
    Digitalist Sweden AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Mattsson, Anders
    Husqvarna AB, Huskvarna, Sweden.
    Gustavsson, Tomas
    PrimeKey Solutions AB, Solna, Sweden.
    Feist, Jonas
    RedBridge AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Öberg, Jonas
    Scania CV AB, Södertälje, Sweden.
    Half a step behind – bulk disclosure of confidential data in third-party GenAI solutions under the Swedish Public Access to Information and Secrecy Act2024In: Digital Government: Research and Practice, ISSN 2691-199XArticle in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    Technological progress poses unique challenges for the public sector. New technology should be adopted, but it must always be done within the framework of good administration. It follows laws governing public administration must be continuously adapted. Sweden recently amended its secrecy legislation to facilitate the use of third-party cloud solutions by public authorities. When the amendment was enacted, most public sector organisations had already been using external cloud solutions for a long time. Today, there is as much pressure on authorities to implement AI technology as there ever was to move administration into the cloud. This paper uses traditional legal methodology to investigate if the Swedish secrecy legislation adequately enables the use of cloud-based GenAI solutions. Findings indicate that the recent amendment is likely insufficient and that there are significant practical hurdles for the application of the law, particularly with services from global cloud providers. The paper contributes to the understanding of Swedish law, and of the difficulties that can occur anywhere when policy makers and legislators do not move in tandem.

  • 29.
    Niklasson, Lars
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Riveiro, Maria
    University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre. University of Skövde, Skövde Artificial Intelligence Lab (SAIL). University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics.
    Johansson, Fredrik
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre. University of Skövde, Skövde Artificial Intelligence Lab (SAIL).
    Dahlbom, Anders
    University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre. University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, Skövde Artificial Intelligence Lab (SAIL).
    Falkman, Göran
    University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre. University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, Skövde Artificial Intelligence Lab (SAIL).
    Ziemke, Tom
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Brax, Christoffer
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre. University of Skövde, Skövde Artificial Intelligence Lab (SAIL). Product Development, Saab Microwave Systems, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Kronhamn, Thomas
    Product Development, Saab Microwave Systems, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Smedberg, Martin
    Product Development, Saab Microwave Systems, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Warston, Håkan
    Product Development, Saab Microwave Systems, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Gustavsson, Per M.
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre. University of Skövde, Skövde Artificial Intelligence Lab (SAIL). Saab Microwave Systems, Skövde, Sweden.
    A Unified Situation Analysis Model for Human and Machine Situation Awareness2007In: INFORMATIK 2007: Informatik trifft Logistik: Band 2: Beiträge der 37. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V. (GI) 24. - 27. September 2007 in Bremen / [ed] Otthein Herzog, Karl-Heinz Rödiger, Marc Ronthaler, Rainer Koschke, Bonn: Gesellschaft für Informatik , 2007, p. 105-109Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 30.
    Niklasson, Lars
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Riveiro, Maria
    University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre. University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics.
    Johansson, Fredrik
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre. University of Skövde, Skövde Artificial Intelligence Lab (SAIL).
    Dahlbom, Anders
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre. University of Skövde, Skövde Artificial Intelligence Lab (SAIL).
    Falkman, Göran
    University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre. University of Skövde, Skövde Artificial Intelligence Lab (SAIL). University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics.
    Ziemke, Tom
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Brax, Christoffer
    Product Development, Saab Microwave Systems, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Kronhamn, Thomas
    Product Development, Saab Microwave Systems, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Smedberg, Martin
    Product Development, Saab Microwave Systems, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Warston, Håkan
    Product Development, Saab Microwave Systems, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Gustavsson, Per M.
    Product Development, Saab Microwave Systems, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Extending the scope of Situation Analysis2008In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Information Fusion (FUSION 2008), Cologne, Germany, June 30–July 3, 2008, IEEE Press, 2008, p. 454-461Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The use of technology to assist human decision making has been around for quite some time now. In the literature, models of both technological and human aspects of this support can be identified. However, we argue that there is a need for a unified model which synthesizes and extends existing models. In this paper, we give two perspectives on situation analysis: a technological perspective and a human perspective. These two perspectives are merged into a unified situation analysis model for semi-automatic, automatic and manual decision support (SAM)2. The unified model can be applied to decision support systems with any degree of automation. Moreover, an extension of the proposed model is developed which can be used for discussing important concepts such as common operational picture and common situation awareness.

  • 31.
    Robles, Gregorio
    et al.
    Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain.
    Gamalielsson, Jonas
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Lundell, Björn
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Brax, Christoffer
    Combitech AB, Linköping, Sweden.
    Persson, Tomas
    Digitalist Sweden AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Mattsson, Anders
    Husqvarna AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Gustavsson, Tomas
    PrimeKey Solutions AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Feist, Jonas
    RedBridge AB, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Öberg, Jonas
    Scania CV AB, Södertälje, Sweden.
    On the Industrial Leadership and Involvement in the LwM2M IoT Ecosystem2024In: Proceedings 2024 ACM/IEEE 6th International Workshop on Software Engineering Research & Practices for the Internet of Things SERP4IoT 2024, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2024, p. 44-51Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The importance of standards, and especially ICT standards, in the IoT domain is widely recognised. Implementations of standard specifications provided as Open Source Software (OSS) promote interoperability and longevity of systems and create conditions for avoiding lock-in, and industrial involvement is important since it can affect community dynamics and will to contribute. The overarching goal of this study is to characterize the industrial leadership and involvement in the LwM2M (Lightweight machine to machine) ecosystem. Specifically, the main focus of the study is on involvement with OSS projects implementing LwM2M elements by individuals who cooperate in projects that implement or use the LwM2M standard in their projects. This can be done by analyzing the commits to the git repository, the bugs issued and commented in the bug-tracking system and the pull requests performed in the project. Techniques will be applied to merge authors using different identities (i.e., different e-mail addresses). By means of identifying the affiliation of those individuals we plan to analyze the involvement of companies in those projects, and thus how they are present in an IoT standard, in this case LwM2M.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 32.
    Tiberg, Jesper
    et al.
    Vehco (www.vehco.com), Gothenburg, Sweden ; JPB Solutions (www.jpbs.se), Sweden.
    Brax, Christoffer
    Applied Research and Concept Development, M&S and Information Fusion, Ericsson, Skövde, Sweden.
    Gustavsson, Per M.
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics.
    Towards Hypothesis Evaluation in Command and Control Systems2006In: Proceedings of SAIS 2006: The 23rd Annual Workshop of the Swedish Artificial Intelligence Society / [ed] Michael Minock; Patrik Eklund; Helena Lindgren, Umeå: Swedish Artificial Intelligence Society - SAIS , 2006, p. 97-102Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This work focus on situation prediction in data fusion systems. A hypothesis evaluation algorithm based on artificial neural networks is introduced. It is evaluated and compared to an algorithm based on Bayesian networks which is commonly used. It is also compared to a simple "dummy" algorithm. For the tests, a computer based model of the environment, including protected objects and enemy objects, is implemented. The model handles the navigation of the enemy objects and situational data is extracted from the environment and provided for the hypothesis evaluation algorithms. It was the belief of the author that ANNs would be suitable for hypothesis evaluation if a suitable data representation of the environment were used. The representation requirements include pre processing of the situational data to eliminate the need for variable input size to the algorithm. This because ANNs poorly handles this; the whole network have to be retrained each time the amount of input data changes. The results show that ANNs performed best of the three and hence seems to be suitable for hypothesis evaluation.

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