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  • 1.
    Aslam, Tehseen
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment.
    Goienetxea Uriarte, Ainhoa
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment.
    Svensson, Henrik
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Education of the Future: Learnings and Experiences from Offering Education to Industry Professionals2022In: SPS2022: Proceedings of the 10th Swedish Production Symposium / [ed] Amos H. C. Ng; Anna Syberfeldt; Dan Högberg; Magnus Holm, Amsterdam; Berlin; Washington, DC: IOS Press, 2022, p. 665-676Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Digitalization is forcing the industry to rethink current practices in all business domains, pushing for a digital transformation of business and operations at a high rate and, thus, paving the way for new business models and making others redundant. For small and medium-sized companies (SME), in particular, it is an enormous challenge to keep up with the pace of technological development. Several initiatives have argued the industry’s need for continuous digitalization, innovation, transformation ability, and future skills and competencies development. However, the advancement of the Swedish industry in this area has been uneven, where larger organizations have begun their digital transformation journey to some extent, but SMEs risk falling behind. In addition to the technological transformation, the challenges regarding the industries’ skills supply need to be solved, where a workforce with the right competencies, knowledge, and skill sets are equally, if not more, important for remaining competitive. One of the key elements to face these challenges in the companies will be to recruit knowledgeable employees or re-skill the existing ones. Efficient access to relevant knowledge and skills is still a major concern for companies that will surely affect their competitiveness for a long time to come. This paper elaborates on the opportunities and challenges that Swedish universities face in the context of lifelong learning and education for industry professionals. The paper presents results and experiences gained from a lifelong learning project for industry professionals at the University of Skövde in collaboration with ten industry partners. The results from the project show that in addition to pedagogical methods, current structures and policies within academia need to be further developed to effectively serve industry professionals. The paper also presents a concept of education for industry professionals in the lifelong learning context based on the results and experience gained from the project.

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  • 2.
    Bergström, Erik
    et al.
    University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre. University of Skövde, School of Informatics.
    Holgersson, Jesper
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Kävrestad, Joakim
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Larsson, Sanna
    University of Skövde.
    Lindgren, Frida
    University of Skövde.
    Mandl, Paul
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics.
    Persson, Louise
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics.
    Svensson, Henrik
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Erfarenheter, lärdomar och effekter med gränsöverskridande arbete för utbytesstudier2018In: NU2018 - Det akademiska lärarskapet, 2018, article id 685Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    I Högskolan i Skövdes (HS) nuvarande utvecklingsplan beskrivs att samtliga utbildningsprogram som ges vid lärosätet skall erbjuda möjligheter till studier utomlands. Som en konsekvens har en strategisk satsning för att stimulera en ökad mobilitet vid HS initierats genom att Institutionen för informationsteknologi (IIT) tillsammans med verksamhetsstödet har deltagit i ett UHR-projekt med fokus på vägledningsprocessen i samband med mobilitet.

    Projektet har pågått under 18 månader och ett 10-tal deltagare som representerar de flesta roller som är involverade i internationaliseringsarbetet på IIT och verksamhetsstödet har ingått. Projektet har bedrivits främst som en serie av workshoppar där parallell datainsamling har skett med hjälp av intervjuer och enkätstudier.

    I detta bidrag vill vi visa några av de mål som projektet fokuserat på samt syftet med dessa. Projektet har haft följande mål:

    Identifiera minst tre partnerlärosäten som passar varje utbildningsprogram - Målet syftar till att kartlägga både existerande och nya partnerlärosäte för att på så sätt sänka tröskeln för studenter som är intresserade av utbyte, men som har svårt att hitta lämpliga alternativ.

    Tydliggöra roll- och ansvarsfördelning i mobilitetsprocessen - Detta mål syftar till att utforma processbeskrivningar för att tydliggöra roll- och ansvarsfördelning kring utresandeprocessen för programansvarig, ämnesföreträdare, internationell koordinator, studie- och karriärvägledaren, studenten och partnerlärosätet. Även kommunikationsaspekter och studentperspektiv beaktas i detta mål.

    Skapa adekvat vägledning och informationsinsatser gentemot studenterna - Syftet med målet är att utveckla, strukturera och systematisera informationsvägar och kommunikation mellan vägledning, programansvarig, partnerlärosäte och studenter.

    Identifiera och utvärdera nyckelfaktorerna för att förbättra stödet till studenterna, undanröja hinder i mobilitetsprocessen samt underlätta programansvarigas och studie- och karriärvägledarnas arbete med utresande studenter - Målet är att identifiera och utvärdera nyckelfaktorer som hindrar mobilitet som kan spridas internt på HS samt externt för att i förlängningen öka mobiliteten bland Sveriges studenter.

    Se till att samtliga kandidatprogram på IIT har en termin avsatt för utlandsstudier och undanröja de hinder som finns i befintliga programstrukturer - Syftet är att göra det enklare för studenter att under sin ordinarie studietid genomföra utbytesstudier utan att deras studier vid HS blir drabbade av förkunskapsstrukturer som hindrar fortsatta studier vid hemkomst.

    I studien inkludera de studenter som har varit intresserade eller sökt utbytesstudier men som inte kommit iväg på utbyte - Syftet är att skapa en god översikt över vilka skäl denna studentkategori har haft för att avstå utbytesstudier för att på så vis kunna förbättra existerande processer för utbytesstudier och därmed minimera risken att intresserade studenter väljer att avstå från utbytesstudier.

    Vid projektets avslut analyserades projektets direkta och indirekta interorganisatoriska effekter tillsammans med aktuell statistik för de studenter som under 2017 nominerats för utbytesstudier. En uppenbar effekt av projektets arbete är att antalet studenter som 2017 vid IIT nominerats för utbytesstudier ökat kraftigt. Likaså observeras ökade kunskaper om processen kring utbytesstudier och ett förbättrat studentperspektiv och bättre kunskaper om studenternas upplevelse av nomineringsprocessen.

    Under presentation vill vi visa upp fler detaljer från vår analys samt hur vi planerar att arbeta vidare med de resultat vi fått fram i projektet.

  • 3.
    Billing, Erik
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Svensson, Henrik
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Lowe, Robert
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre. Interaction, Cognition and Emotion Lab, Department of Applied IT, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Ziemke, Tom
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre. Cognition and Interaction Lab, Department of Computer and Information Science, Linköping University, Sweden.
    Finding Your Way from the Bed to the Kitchen: Re-enacting and Re-combining Sensorimotor Episodes Learned from Human Demonstration2016In: Frontiers in Robotics and AI, E-ISSN 2296-9144, Vol. 3, no March, article id 9Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Several simulation theories have been proposed as an explanation for how humans and other agents internalize an "inner world" that allows them to simulate interactions with the external real world - prospectively and retrospectively. Such internal simulation of interaction with the environment has been argued to be a key mechanism behind mentalizing and planning. In the present work, we study internal simulations in a robot acting in a simulated human environment. A model of sensory-motor interactions with the environment is generated from human demonstrations, and tested on a Robosoft Kompai robot. The model is used as a controller for the robot, reproducing the demonstrated behavior. Information from several different demonstrations is mixed, allowing the robot to produce novel paths through the environment, towards a goal specified by top-down contextual information. 

    The robot model is also used in a covert mode, where actions are inhibited and perceptions are generated by a forward model. As a result, the robot generates an internal simulation of the sensory-motor interactions with the environment. Similar to the overt mode, the model is able to reproduce the demonstrated behavior as internal simulations. When experiences from several demonstrations are combined with a top-down goal signal, the system produces internal simulations of novel paths through the environment. These results can be understood as the robot imagining an "inner world" generated from previous experience, allowing it to try out different possible futures without executing actions overtly.

    We found that the success rate in terms of reaching the specified goal was higher during internal simulation, compared to overt action. These results are linked to a reduction in prediction errors generated during covert action. Despite the fact that the model is quite successful in terms of generating covert behavior towards specified goals, internal simulations display different temporal distributions compared to their overt counterparts. Links to human cognition and specifically mental imagery are discussed.

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  • 4.
    Da Lio, Mauro
    et al.
    Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Italy.
    Donà, Riccardo
    Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Italy.
    Papini, Gastone Pietro Rosati
    Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Italy.
    Biral, Francesco
    Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Italy.
    Svensson, Henrik
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    A Mental Simulation Approach for Learning Neural-Network Predictive Control (in Self-Driving Cars)2020In: IEEE Access, E-ISSN 2169-3536, Vol. 8, p. 192041-192064Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents a novel approach to learning predictive motor control via mental simulations. The method, inspired by learning via mental imagery in natural Cognition, develops in two phases: first, the learning of predictive models based on data recorded in the interaction with the environment; then, at a deferred time, the synthesis of inverse models via offline episodic simulations. Parallelism with human-engineered control-theoretic workflow (mathematical modeling the direct dynamics followed by optimal control inversion) is established. Compared to the latter human-directed synthesis, the mental simulation approach increases autonomy: a robotic agent can learn predictive models and synthesize inverse ones with a large degree of independence. Human modeling is still needed but limited to providing efficient templates for the forward and inverse neural networks and a few other directives. One could consider these templates as the efficient brain network typologies that evolution produced to permit live beings quickly and efficiently learning. The structure of the neural networks both forward and inverse ones; is made of interpretable local models which follows the cerebellar organization (and are also similar to local model approaches known in the literature). We demonstrate the learning of a first-round model (contrasted to Model Predictive Control) for lateral vehicle dynamics. Then, we demonstrate a second learning iteration, where the forward/inverse neural models are significantly improved.

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  • 5.
    Da Lio, Mauro
    et al.
    Dept. of Industrial Engineering University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
    Mazzalai, Alessandro
    Dept. of Industrial Engineering University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
    Windridge, David
    Dept. of Computer Science Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom.
    Thill, Serge
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment. Centre for Robotics and Neural Systems, University of Plymouth, United Kingdom.
    Svensson, Henrik
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Yueksel, Mehmed
    Robotics Innovation Center - DFKI GmbH German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence Bremen, Germany.
    Gurney, Kevin
    Dept. of Psychology University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
    Saroldi, Andrea
    Centro Ricerche Fiat S.C.p.A. Orbassano (TO), Italy.
    Andreone, Luisa
    Centro Ricerche Fiat S.C.p.A. Orbassano (TO), Italy.
    Anderson, Sean R.
    Dept. of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
    Heich, Hermann-Josef
    Consulting – Research – Project Management Heich Consult GmbH, Hürth, Germany.
    Exploiting Dream-Like Simulation Mechanisms to Develop Safer Agents for Automated Driving The "Dreams4Cars" EU Research and Innovation Action2017In: 2017 IEEE 20th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), IEEE, 2017Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Automated driving needs unprecedented levels of reliably and safety before marked deployment. The average human driver fatal accident rate is 1 every 100 million miles. Automated vehicles will have to provably best these figures. This paper introduces the notion of dream-like mechanisms as a simulation technology to produce a large number of hypothetical design and test scenarios - especially focusing on variations of more frequent dangerous and near miss events. Grounded in the simulation hypothesis of cognition, we show here some principles for effective simulation mechanisms and an artificial cognitive system architecture that can learn from the simulated situations.

  • 6.
    Holgersson, Jesper
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Bergström, Erik
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Kävrestad, Joakim
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Svensson, Henrik
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Analys av studenters upplevelse av hindrande faktorer för utbytesstudier2018In: NU2018 - Det akademiska lärarskapet, 2018, article id 684Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    I Högskolan i Skövdes (HS) utvecklingsplan (Högskolan i Skövde, 2017) framhålls vikten av att samtliga utbildningsprogram skall erbjuda möjligheter till utbytesstudier. Historiskt sett har antalet utresande vid HS varit lågt samtidigt som fakta som belyser varför så är fallet främst har baserats på enskilda studenters upplevelser av nominerings- och antagningsprocesser. Dock saknas en mer enhetlig och generaliserbar vy av hur olika funktioner på HS rörande utbytesstudier upplevs, både av studenter som genomfört utbytesstudier samt av studenter som varit nominerade men valt att inte genomföra utbytesstudier.

    Den frågeställning som adresserats är: vilka hinder finns för studenter som vill genomföra utbytesstudier? Den metod som tillämpats är en enkät som skickats ut till samtliga studenter som varit nominerade för utbytesstudier under 2017. Enkäten har baserats på en Likert-skala (Bryman och Nilsson) som kombinerats med fritextsvar.

    Totalt har 20 studenter från olika utbildningsprogram besvarat enkäten. Studien visar att studenterna rent generellt är nöjda med HS administrativa funktioner vilket också är den kanal som oftast utnyttjas. Andra administrativa funktioner såsom programansvariga och ämnesföreträdare upplevs olika av studenterna beroende på vilket ämnesområde som berörs.

    Studenterna redovisar ett antal huvudsakliga skäl som hindrar eller försvårar utbytesstudier. 1) Det läggs ett alltför stort ansvar på studenten i att identifiera kurser som denne är behörig till och som inte överlappar med kurser som läses vid det egna lärosätet. Detta innefattar även val av kurser som skall motsvara obligatoriska kurser på hemmaplan som i sin tur ligger som förkunskapskrav för framtida kurser inom utbildning, såsom examensarbeten. 2) Avsaknad av utbytesavtal med specifika länder samt svårighet att identifiera avtal med lärosäten som matchar studentens utbildningsprofil vid det egna lärosätet upplevs likaså som ett hinder för flertalet studenter. 3) Vidare uppger studenterna att det i många fall är svårt att ta till sig information på olika lärosätens hemsidor för att identifiera passande kurser eftersom den information som finns att tillgå upplevs som mycket heterogen och därmed både svårtolkad och svårnavigerad. Detta kan jämföras mot hur svenska lärosäten publicerar information om kurser vilket av studenterna upplevs som mer enhetligt och standardiserat vilket i sin tur gör olika kurser enklare att jämföra.

    Något som efterfrågas av många studenter som varit nominerade för utbytesstudier men som i slutändan valt att inte resa är ”utbytesstudie-charter” där det finns färdiga kurspaket som är granskade och validerade av HS. Även önskemål om mer standardiserade paket för boende och andra praktiska frågor efterfrågas av studenterna.

    Den information som enkätstudien har lyft fram har i första hand visat på att HS administrativa funktioner för utbytesstudier fungerar tillfredställande. Likaså verifierar enkätstudien de hypoteser som funnits rörande hindrande faktorer för utbytesstudier i de flesta fall stämmer: osäkerhet kring val av kurser och en oro för hur utbytesstudier kommer att påverka framtida studier på hemmaplan är stora orosmoment som kan få studenter av avstå från utbytesstudier trots ett initialt intresse för sådana.

    Referenser

    Bryman, A., & Nilsson, B. (2011). Samhällsvetenskapliga metoder. Malmö: Liber.

    Högskolan i Skövde. (2017). Utvecklingsplan. Skövde.

  • 7.
    Kävrestad, Joakim
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Bergström, Erik
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Holgersson, Jesper
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Svensson, Henrik
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Formella processer för att underlätta studenters mobilitet2018In: NU2018 - Det akademiska lärarskapet, 2018, article id 704Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    Inom utbildningar som ger kandidatexamen inom teknik, naturvetenskap och data reser endast 3% av de examinerade studenterna på utbyte (Universitetskanslersämbetet, 2016), vilket är långt under EU:s mål på 20% (Universitets- och högskolerådet, 2018). På Högskolan i Skövde (HS) åkte dock bara 0,78% på utbyte under 2016. Som ett led i att öka studentmobiliteten har Institutionen för informationsteknologi (IIT) vid HS deltagit i UHR-projektet ”Det akademiska värdet av mobilitet” med fokus på studievägledning och IIT:s syfte har varit att identifiera hinder för utresande och förtydliga studentperspektivet i mobilitetsprocessen. Det är ett välkänt problem inom akademin att det finns ett gap mellan förvaltning och fakultet och att detta förhindrar mobilitet (Souto-Otero, Huisman, Beerkens, Wit, & Vujić, 2013). Ett av de stora hindren vid HS och som identifierades tidigt var att det från ett studentperspektiv var otydligt vem studenterna skulle vända sig till och hur studenternas process från mobilitetstanke till utresa gick till rent praktiskt. Ytterligare framkom att programansvarigs roll i mobilitetsprocessen var otydlig, samt att programansvariga hade bristande kunskap om interna kommunikationsvägar.

    För att bringa klarhet i detta tillsattes en grupp med representanter från programansvariga vid IIT, internationaliseringssamordnare, samt representanter från flera roller i HS förvaltning som är inblandade i mobilitetsprocessen. Projektgruppen fick som uppgift att etablera gemensamma processer för studentmobilitet från tre perspektiv: studentens, programansvarigas samt ett högskoleövergripande. Projektgruppen har även haft som målsättning att identifiera hinder i programstrukturer (exempelvis förkunskapshinder) samt identifiering av partnerlärosäten och hur kommunikationen med dessa partnerlärosäten skall ske i praktiken.

    Projektet har genomförts under totalt 18 månader, främst i form av workshoppar med fokus på modeller för att beskriva de processer som finns eller borde finnas i verksamheten. Totalt har 11 workshoppar genomförts och de framarbetade modellerna har även validerats av en utomstående modelleringsexpert. Under våren kommer även modellerna att presenteras för alla övriga institutioner vid HS i syfte att implementera arbetssättet högskoleövergripande. Ett direkt resultat av denna arbetsprocess är att olika nyckelaktörer upplever att ansvar och rollfördelning förtydligats vilket i sin tur medfört en upplevelse av betydligt kortare och mer effektiva kommunikationsvägar: alla vet vem som skall göra vad och när.

    Projektet har även resulterat i ett förbättrat studentperspektiv, vilket rent konkret innebär att studenter på ett betydligt mer lättillgängligt sätt kan få information om hur processen för utbytesstudier ser ut samt vart de kan vända sig med sina frågor. Samtidigt bidrar den interorganisatoriska samsynen över processen kring utbytesstudier till att risken för att studenter får felaktig information av berörda aktörer minimeras då rollfördelning och ansvarsområden förtydligats.

    Huruvida det går att fastställa ett orsakssamband till projektet är osäkert, men antalet studenter som nominerats för utbytesstudier har ökat kraftigt på IIT under 2017. Från projektstart är den totala ökningen 49% och innefattar flera utbildningsprogram som innan projektets genomförande haft inga eller få studenter som varit intresserade av utbytesstudier.

    På presentationen kommer vi att redovisa resultaten av projektet mer i detalj och även förevisa de tre generiska modellerna eftersom dessa kan användas av andra lärosäten som behöver klargöra roller, informationsflöden och processer kring mobilitet.

     

    Referenser

    Souto-Otero, M., Huisman, J., Beerkens, M., Wit, H. d., & Vujić, S. (2013). Barriers to International Student Mobility:Evidence From the Erasmus Program. Educational Researcher, 42(2), 70-77. doi:10.3102/0013189x12466696

    Universitets- och högskolerådet. (2018). Eurostudent VI - studentmobilitet. Retrieved from https://www.uhr.se/globalassets/_uhr.se/lika-mojligheter/eurostudent/eurostudent-vi-studentmobilitet-20180131.pdf

    Universitetskanslersämbetet. (2016). Internationell studentmobilitet i högskolan 2015/16. Retrieved from http://www.uka.se/om-oss/publikationer--beslut/statistiska-meddelanden/statistiska-meddelanden/2016-12-08-internationell-studentmobilitet-i-hogskolan-2015-16.html

  • 8.
    Lagerstedt, Erik
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Svensson, Henrik
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    A drive through the world of functional tones, simulations and cars2017In: Proceedings of the 13th SweCog Conference / [ed] Anders Arweström Jansson; Anton Axelsson; Rebecca Andreasson; Erik Billing, 2017, p. 12-14Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 9.
    Lagerstedt, Erik
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Svensson, Henrik
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Do Tourists Dream of Electric Bikes?: Electric Bikes as a Mean to Improve Sustainability of Tourism in Rural Sweden2022In: Academic Mindtrek 2022: 25th International Academic Mindtrek conference, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2022, p. 167-178Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The paper investigates the potential of electric bikes as a sustainable alternative for local transportation during vacations in rural areas, replacing mainly transportation by car. Our starting point is that a key to behaviour change in the context of tourism and leisure travels is to make the sustainable travel option the most desirable option for the traveller. We study this by exploring three different electric bike offers in the area of Skaraborg, Sweden, and analysing the experience of the cyclists. 15 participants were invited to rent electric bicycles as mode of transportation for tourism in and around the small towns Lidköping and Skara for one day. Individual semi structured interviews were performed with the participants. Our main result is that there are aspects of electric bikes that make them particularly appropriate as a sustainable mode of transportation for local tourist destinations, and could also lower the threshold for more sustainable behaviours. Travelling by electric bike was experienced as beneficial in several ways; it automatically and effortlessly gives the cyclist access to nature, it constitutes a plausible option for more sustainable transportation at medium distances, and it allows the entire group of travellers, such as a families, to feel as being part of shaping the journey which contributes to engagement and motivation. Although intended for tourists, it also facilitate local people to access and reflect on their local flora and fauna. We also found that digital tools such as maps, information sources, and booking systems have a key part in the deployment when appropriately integrated. In addition, we found that it was important to lower the threshold of trying electric bikes, and an important key for this was personal service from proficient people who could provide a sense of security by giving instructions, answering questions, and support in adjusting the equipment.

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  • 10.
    Lindblom, Jessica
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Alklind Taylor, Anna-Sofia
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Rambusch, Jana
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Svensson, Henrik
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Fem framgångsfaktorer för utveckling av pedagogisk digital kompetens för nätbaserat lärande inom högre utbildning2012In: NU2012: Gränslöst lärande: Göteborg, 17-19 oktober, 2012, p. 188-189Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    Utbredningen av kommunikations- och IT-verktyg (IKT) i samhället influerar även undervisningen inom högre utbildning (se t.ex., Ala-Mutka, Punie & Redecker, 2008; Glenn, 2008). Olika lärplattformar har utvecklats som möjliggör skilda former av interaktion mellan lärare och studenter. En konsekvens av detta är att andelen distansstudenter kraftigt ökat de senaste åren. Förutom de möjligheter och begränsningar som de nya tekniska verktygen erbjuder för nätbaserat lärande, behövs det även nya kunskaper hos den undervisande universitetsläraren och behovet av en god pedagogisk digital kompetens blir därmed aktuellt (EUT, 2006; Glenn, 2008; Krumsvik, 2008).

    Syftet med detta bidrag är att delge andra universitetslärare som vill börja med eller vidareutveckla nätbaserad undervisning våra praktiska erfarenheter och kunskaper för hur detta kan genomföras med utgångspunkt utifrån pedagogisk digital kompetens.

    Utifrån en fallstudie (Patton, 2002) har vi genom ett aktionsforskningsperspektiv identifierat fem framgångsfaktorer för utveckling av pedagogisk digital kompetens vid högre studier:

    • En gemensam pedagogisk grundsyn
    • Teamwork
    • Undervisningskultur
    • Positiv inställning till teknik
    • Administrativa, pedagogiska och tekniska stödresurser

    De identifierade framgångsfaktorerna presenteras med ett abduktivt upplägg. Vi utgår utifrån våra praktiska erfarenheter och kopplar samman dessa med teorier och relevant litteratur inom området för varje framgångsfaktor.

    För att aktivt arbeta med att utveckla den digitala pedagogiska kompetensen är det viktigt att inte enbart fokusera på de tillgängliga tekniska verktygen, utan det är viktigt att framhäva i vilket sammanhang ett visst undervisningsmoment ingår i. Det är väldigt lätt att se läraren som en ensam individ som ska stödja studentens kunskapsutveckling under en kurs, men verkligheten är något helt annat. En bra lärare, enligt oss, är en lärare som kan se sin egen undervisning i ett större sammanhang, t.ex. hur en kurs hänger ihop med andra kurser inom utbildningen eller hur den kopplar till en framtida yrkesroll. På så sätt har man större möjlighet att motivera sina studenter till lärande och i det större perspektivet till ett kontinuerligt lärande som fortgår under hela livet i dagens kunskapssamhälle. En fara med informationssamhället är att den tolkande och värderande förmågan underskattas (Gärdenfors, 2005) vilket vi anser har konsekvenser för högre utbildning, som bör undvika att begå detta misstag genom att fokusera i alltför stor grad på IKT-lösningar i sig, utan satsa större resurser på att stödja och utveckla studenternas lärande och tolkande förmåga av olika former av information och källor. Med andra ord, fokusera mer på innehållet än på formen, och detta ökar vikten av en god pedagogisk digital kompetens.

    Referenser

    Ala-Mutka, K., Punie, Y & Redecker, C. (2008) Digital competence for lifelong learning. JRC Technical Notes. Policy brief by the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS), part of the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC). Tillgänglig på http://ftp.jrc.es/EURdoc/JRC48708.TN.pdf [Hämtad: 2011-05-28].

    EUT (Europeiska unionens officiella tidning) (2006) L 394 10.

    Glenn, M. (2008) The future of higher education: How technology will shape learning. A report from the Economist Intelligence Unit.

    Gärdenfors, P. (2005) Tankens vindlar: Om språk, minne och berättande. Nora: Nya Doxa

    Krumsvik, R. J. (2008) Situated learning and teachers’ digital competence. Education and Information Technologies, 13, 279–290.

    Patton, M.Q. (2002) Qualitative research and evaluation methods. (3:e upplagan). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

  • 11.
    Lindblom, Jessica
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Alklind Taylor, Anna-Sofia
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Rambusch, Jana
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Svensson, Henrik
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Pedagogisk digital kompetens för nätbaserat lärande inom högskolan2011In: Utbildning & Lärande, ISSN 1653-0594, Vol. 5, no 1, p. 54-71Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The rapid development of information technology and the Internet has important academic implications, which in the long run will have far reaching consequences for teaching and learning on university level. With this in mind, five different success factors for the development of digital literacy and competence in higher education in general, and online courses in particular, are being identified and discussed in this article. These factors are: a shared view on learning and teaching, teamwork, a collaborative teaching culture, a positive attitude towards technology, as well as administrative, pedagogical and technical support resources. The dicussion is largely based on theories on learning and e-learning, and many examples draw from the authors' own experiences and observations.

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  • 12.
    Lindblom, Jessica
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Svensson, Henrik
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Kognitionsvetenskapens historia2012In: Kognitionsvetenskap / [ed] Jens Allwood; Mikael Jensen, Lund: Studentlitteratur AB, 2012, 1, p. 35-45Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 13.
    Lindblom, Jessica
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Svensson, Henrik
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Några framgångsfaktorer för examensarbetets genomförande och resultat för campus- och nätbaserad undervisning2016In: NU2016 Högskolan i samhället - samhället i högskolan, 2016, article id 3.4.3Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    Examensarbetet är en synnerligen viktig och utvecklande del i en studentens lärande. I det här bidraget redovisar vi en process som stödjer studenterna under processen som genomsyras av tydlig lärar- och studentsamverkan och ett uttalat studentansvar. Processen bidrar till att erhålla en bra slutprodukt i form av ett godkänt examensarbete inom givna tidsramar, både på campus och via nätbaserad undervisning.

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  • 14.
    Lindblom, Jessica
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Svensson, Henrik
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Vikten av pedagogiskt utveckling i kvalitetssarbete: CDIO som metod och inspiration2014In: NU2014: Umeå 8-10 oktober Abstracts, Umeå Universitet, 2014, p. 136-Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    Det ställs i dagens samhälle en mängd krav på den högre utbildningen utifrån flera olika perspektiv som t.ex. utbildningens vetenskapliga grund, integrering av teoretiska kunskaper och praktiska färdigheter, bildning samt studenternas förberedelse inför yrkeslivet och anställningsbarhet. Detta medför krav på den högre utbildningens organisation att utgöra stöd för de undervisande lärarnas egna utvecklings- och lärandeprocesser för att möta dessa utmaningar. Ett sätt att realisera en lärande organisation är att erbjuda olika former av pedagogiska och didaktiska utvecklingsprojekt för lärarkollegiet. Vi har på vårt lärosäte haft möjligheten att under två år arbeta aktivt och strukturerat med dessa frågor inom ramverket ”Conceiving - Designing - Implementing – Operating”, eller CDIO-initiativet vilket det är mer känt som (Crawley m.fl., 2010). CDIO-initiativet är ursprungligen avsett för ingenjörsutbildningar och baseras på olika pedagogiska forskningsresultat som utgår från en konstruktivistisk grundsyn (Bron & Wilhelmson, 2004). Vi har överfört CDIO-ramverket till ämnesområden utanför ingenjörsvetenskap med goda resultat. Vi har erfarit att många pedagogiska angreppssätt, didaktiska metoder och tekniker inom CDIO-initiativet fungerar väl och menar att det utgör ett ändamålsenligt och effektivt ramverk för hantera de utmaningar som ställts inom dagens högre utbildning.

    Syftet med detta bidrag är att inspirera och informera andra universitetslärare som arbetar med kvalitetsfrågor och pedagogiskt utvecklingsarbete inom högre utbildning, genom att delge våra kunskaper och erfarenheter att tillämpa CDIO utanför ingenjörsvetenskap generellt, med ett fokus på kvalitetsfrågor gällande programutveckling. Främst fokuserar vi på den så kallade black box-metoden (Crawley m fl., 2010) som vi förutom att använda som ett utvärderingsverktyg av existerande utbildningsprogram även framgångsrikt modifierat och använt proaktivt i utvecklingsarbetet av nya utbildningsprogram.

    För att aktivt och framgångsrikt arbeta med att utveckla utbildningskvaliteten i högre utbildningen behöver pedagogiskt utvecklingsarbete vara integrerade i kvalitetsprocesserna. Kvalitetsarbete kan inte bara fokusera på de ämnes- och färdighetskunskaper studenten ska uppnå i sig utan även på att lärarna också har ett fokus på i vilka sammanhang studenten ska och kan applicera dessa kunskaper givet t.ex. var i utbildningen studenten befinner sig. I högre utbildning betonas ofta den enskilde lärarens pedagogiska och didaktiska kompetens, men det är inte tillräckligt. En bra lärare, enligt oss, är en lärare som kan se sin egen undervisning i ett större sammanhang, t.ex. hur en kurs hänger ihop med andra kurser inom utbildningen eller hur den kopplar till ett framtida yrkesliv. CDIO-ramverket innefattar verktyg som möjliggör en integrerad syn på utbildningen, vilket i sin tur gynnar utbildningskvaliteten.

  • 15.
    Mahmoud, Sara
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Billing, Erik
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Svensson, Henrik
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Thill, Serge
    Donders Institute for Brain,Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
    How to train a self-driving vehicle: On the added value (or lack thereof) of curriculum learning and replay buffers2023In: Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, E-ISSN 2624-8212, Vol. 6, article id 1098982Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Learning from only real-world collected data can be unrealistic and time consuming in many scenario. One alternative is to use synthetic data as learning environments to learn rare situations and replay buffers to speed up the learning. In this work, we examine the hypothesis of how the creation of the environment affects the training of reinforcement learning agent through auto-generated environment mechanisms. We take the autonomous vehicle as an application. We compare the effect of two approaches to generate training data for artificial cognitive agents. We consider the added value of curriculum learning—just as in human learning—as a way to structure novel training data that the agent has not seen before as well as that of using a replay buffer to train further on data the agent has seen before. In other words, the focus of this paper is on characteristics of the training data rather than on learning algorithms. We therefore use two tasks that are commonly trained early on in autonomous vehicle research: lane keeping and pedestrian avoidance. Our main results show that curriculum learning indeed offers an additional benefit over a vanilla reinforcement learning approach (using Deep-Q Learning), but the replay buffer actually has a detrimental effect in most (but not all) combinations of data generation approaches we considered here. The benefit of curriculum learning does depend on the existence of a well-defined difficulty metric with which various training scenarios can be ordered. In the lane-keeping task, we can define it as a function of the curvature of the road, in which the steeper and more occurring curves on the road, the more difficult it gets. Defining such a difficulty metric in other scenarios is not always trivial. In general, the results of this paper emphasize both the importance of considering data characterization, such as curriculum learning, and the importance of defining an appropriate metric for the task.

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  • 16.
    Mahmoud, Sara
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Billing, Erik
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Svensson, Henrik
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Thill, Serge
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment. Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
    Where to from here?: On the future development of autonomous vehicles from a cognitive systems perspective2022In: Cognitive Systems Research, ISSN 2214-4366, E-ISSN 1389-0417, Vol. 76, p. 63-77Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Self-driving cars not only solve the problem of navigating safely from location A to location B; they also have to deal with an abundance of (sometimes unpredictable) factors, such as traffic rules, weather conditions, and interactions with humans. Over the last decades, different approaches have been proposed to design intelligent driving systems for self-driving cars that can deal with an uncontrolled environment. Some of them are derived from computationalist paradigms, formulating mathematical models that define the driving agent, while other approaches take inspiration from biological cognition. However, despite the extensive work in the field of self-driving cars, many open questions remain. Here, we discuss the different approaches for implementing driving systems for self-driving cars, as well as the computational paradigms from which they originate. In doing so, we highlight two key messages: First, further progress in the field might depend on adapting new paradigms as opposed to pushing technical innovations in those currently used. Specifically, we discuss how paradigms from cognitive systems research can be a source of inspiration for further development in modeling driving systems, highlighting emergent approaches as a possible starting point. Second, self-driving cars can themselves be considered cognitive systems in a meaningful sense, and are therefore a relevant, yet underutilised resource in the study of cognitive mechanisms. Overall, we argue for a stronger synergy between the fields of cognitive systems and self-driving vehicles.

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  • 17.
    Mahmoud, Sara
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Svensson, Henrik
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Self-driving cars learn by imagination2018In: Proceedings of the 14th SweCog Conference / [ed] Tom Ziemke; Mattias Arvola; Nils Dahlbäck; Erik Billing, Skövde: University of Skövde , 2018, p. 12-15Conference paper (Refereed)
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  • 18.
    Mahmoud, Sara
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Svensson, Henrik
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Thill, Serge
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment. Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
    Cognitively-inspired episodic imagination for self-driving vehicles2019In: Towards Cognitive Vehicles: perception, learning and decision making under real-world constraints. Is bio-inspiration helpful?: Proceedings, 2019, p. 28-31Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The controller of an autonomous vehicle needsthe ability to learn how to act in different driving scenariosthat it may face. A significant challenge is that it is difficult,dangerous, or even impossible to experience and explore variousactions in situations that might be encountered in the realworld. Autonomous vehicle control would therefore benefitfrom a mechanism that allows the safe exploration of actionpossibilities and their consequences, as well as the ability tolearn from experience thus gained to improve driving skills.In this paper we demonstrate a methodology that allows alearning agent to create simulations of possible situations. Thesesimulations can be chained together in a sequence that allowsthe progressive improvement of the agent’s performance suchthat the agent is able to appropriately deal with novel situationsat the end of training. This methodology takes inspirationfrom the human ability to imagine hypothetical situations usingepisodic simulation; we therefore refer to this methodology asepisodic imagination.An interesting question in this respect is what effect thestructuring of such a sequence of episodic imaginations hason performance. Here, we compare a random process to astructured one and initial results indicate  that a structuredsequence outperforms a random one.

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    Cognitively-inspired episodic imagination for self-driving vehicles
  • 19.
    Malmgren, Helge
    et al.
    Göteborgs universitet.
    Hemeren, Paul
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Svensson, Henrik
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Haglund, Björn
    Begrepp och mentala representationer2012In: Kognitionsvetenskap / [ed] Jens Allwood; Mikael Jensen, 2012, p. 175-190Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 20.
    Plebe, Alice
    et al.
    University of Trento, Italy.
    Svensson, Henrik
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Mahmoud, Sara
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Da Lio, Mauro
    University of Trento, Italy.
    Human-inspired autonomous driving: A survey2024In: Cognitive Systems Research, ISSN 2214-4366, E-ISSN 1389-0417, Vol. 83, article id 101169Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Autonomous vehicles promise to revolutionize society and improve the daily life of many, making them a coveted aim for a vast research community. To enable complex reasoning in autonomous vehicles, researchers are exploring new methods beyond traditional engineering approaches, in particular the idea of drawing inspiration from the only existing being able to drive: the human. The mental processes behind the human ability to drive can inspire new approaches with the potential to bridge the gap between artificial drivers and human drivers. In this review, we categorize and evaluate existing work on autonomous driving influenced by cognitive science, neuroscience, and psychology. We propose a taxonomy of the various sources of inspiration and identify the potential advantages with respect to traditional approaches. Although these human-inspired methods have not yet reached widespread adoption, we believe they are critical to the future of fully autonomous vehicles. 

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  • 21.
    Svensson, Henrik
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Embodied simulation as off-line representation2007Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This licentiate thesis argues that a key to understanding the embodiment of cognition is the “sharing” of neural mechanisms between sensorimotor processes and higher-level cognitive processes as described by simulation theories. Simulation theories explain higher-level cognition as (partial) simulations or emulations of sensorimotor processes through the re-activation of neural circuitry also active in bodily perception, action, and emotion. This thesis develops the notion that simulation mechanisms have a particular representational function, as off-line representations, which contributes to the representation debate in embodied cognitive science. Based on empirical evidence from neuroscience, psychology and other disciplines as well as a review of existing simulation theories, the thesis describes three main mechanisms of simulation theories: re-activation, binding, and prediction. The possibility of using situated and embodied artificial agents to further understand and validate simulation as a mechanism of (higher-level) cognition is addressed through analysis and comparison of existing models. The thesis also presents some directions for further research on modeling simulation as well as the notion of embodied simulation as off-line representation.

  • 22.
    Svensson, Henrik
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Lindblom, Jessica
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Samverkan med företag: Utveckling av läraridentitet och förberedelser inför studenternas yrkesliv2016In: NU2016 Högskolan i samhället - samhället i högskolan, 2016, article id 6.5.1Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    Det finns flera goda skäl för den högre utbildningen att samarbeta med det omgivande samhället. Genom samverkan med rutinerade praktiker fick lärare ta del av hur användbarhetsarbete sker i praktiken. Detta har resulterat i en bättre förståelse över vad studenternas kommande yrkesliv, realistiska undervisningsmoment samt en stärkt läraridentitet.

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  • 23.
    Svensson, Henrik
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Lindblom, Jessica
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Ziemke, Tom
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Making Sense of Embodied Cognition: Simulation Theories of Shared Neural Mechanisms for Sensorimotor and Cognitive Processes2007In: Body, Language and Mind, Vol. 1: Embodiment / [ed] Tom Ziemke, Jordan Zlatev, Roslyn M. Frank, Mouton de Gruyter, 2007, p. 241-269Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 24.
    Svensson, Henrik
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Morse, Anthony F.
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Ziemke, Tom
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Neural Pathways of Embodied Simulation2009In: Anticipatory Behavior in Adaptive Learning Systems: From Psychological Theories to Artificial Cognitive Systems / [ed] Giovanni Pezzulo, Martin V. Butz, Olivier Sigaud, Gianluca Baldassarre, Springer Berlin/Heidelberg, 2009, p. 95-114Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Simulation theories have in recent years proposed that a cognitiveagent's "inner world" can at least partly be constituted by internal emulations or simulations of its sensorimotor interaction with the world, i.e. covert perception and action. This paper further integrates simulation theory with the notion of the brain as a predictive machine. In particular, it outlines the neural pathways of covert simulations, which include implicit anticipation in cerebellar and basal gangliar circuits, bodily anticipation by means of forward models in the cerebellum, and environmental anticipation in the neocortex. The paper also discusses, to some extent, possible implications of the neural pathways of covert simulation for the frame problem, and the relation between procedural and declarative knowledge in covert simulations.

  • 25.
    Svensson, Henrik
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Morse, Anthony
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Ziemke, Tom
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Representation as Internal Simulation: A Minimalistic Robotic Model2009In: Proceedings of the Thirty-First Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society / [ed] Niels Taatgen & Hedderik van Rijn, Cognitive Science Society, Inc., 2009, p. 2890-2895Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Embodied cognition theorists have in recent years proposed that a cognitive agent's "representations" or "inner world" can at least partly be constituted by internal emulations or simulations of its sensorimotor interaction with the world, i.e. covert perception and action. This paper recapitulates some of the empirical evidence, distinguishes between implicit, internal and external anticipation, and discusses possible neural correlates. Furthermore a robotic neurocomputational model of external anticipation is presented and analyzed.

  • 26.
    Svensson, Henrik
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Thill, Serge
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Beyond bodily anticipation: Internal simulations in social interaction2016In: Cognitive Systems Research, ISSN 2214-4366, E-ISSN 1389-0417, Vol. 40, p. 161-171Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 27.
    Svensson, Henrik
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Thill, Serge
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Should robots dream of electric sheep?2012In: Proceedings of Workshop on Artificial Mental Imagery in Cognitive Systems and Robotics / [ed] Alessandro G. Di Nuovo; Vivian M. De La Cruz; Davide Marocco, Plymouth: University of Plymouth Press, 2012, p. 11-14Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 28.
    Svensson, Henrik
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Thill, Serge
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Ziemke, Tom
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Dreaming of electric sheep?: Exploring the functions of dream-like mechanisms in the development of mental imagery simulations2013In: Adaptive Behavior, ISSN 1059-7123, E-ISSN 1741-2633, Vol. 21, no 4, p. 222-238Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    According to the simulation hypothesis, mental imagery can be explained in terms of predictive chains of simulated perceptions and actions, i.e., perceptions and actions are reactivated internally by our nervous system to be used in mental imagery and other cognitive phenomena. Our previous research shows that it is possible but not trivial to develop simulations in robots based on the simulation hypothesis. While there are several previous approaches to modelling mental imagery and related cognitive abilities, the origin of such internal simulations has hardly been addressed. The inception of simulation (InSim) hypothesis suggests that dreaming has a function in the development of simulations by forming associations between experienced, non-experienced but realistic, and even unrealistic perceptions. Here, we therefore develop an experimental set-up based on a simple simulated robot to test whether such dream-like mechanisms can be used to instruct research into the development of simulations and mental imagery-like abilities. Specifically, the hypothesis is that dreams' informing the construction of simulations lead to faster development of good simulations during waking behaviour. The paper presents initial results in favour of the hypothesis.

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  • 29.
    Svensson, Henrik
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics.
    Ziemke, Tom
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics.
    Embodied Representation: What are the Issues2005In: Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society: CogSci05 / [ed] Bruno G. Bara, Lawrence Barsalou, Monica Bucciarelli, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2005, p. 2116-2121Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A common theme of many discussions among embodied cognition researchers is whether or not cognition is making use of epresentations. This debate has recently been called a “debate for the sake of appearance” because there is no agreed upon way of identifying what is a representation. Therefore, instead of elaborating our own position on whether embodied cognition uses representation, we structure the debate by (1) reviewing three types of mechanisms in models of embodied cognition that might be considered candidates for epresentationhood and (2) outlining criteria for what is or is not a representation in embodied cognition.

  • 30.
    Svensson, Henrik
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics.
    Ziemke, Tom
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics.
    Making sense of embodiment: simulation theories and the sharing of neural circuitry2005In: Proceedings of the twenty-sixth annual conference of the Cognitive Science Society, August 4 - 7, 2004, Chicago, Illinois, USA / [ed] Kenneth Forbus, D. Gentner, T. Regier, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2005, p. 1309-1314Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Although an increasing number of cognitive scientists are convinced that cognition is embodied, there still is relatively little agreement on what exactly that means. Notions of what it actually means for a cognizer to be embodied range from simplistic ones such as ‘being physical’ or ‘interacting with an environment’ to more demanding ones that consider a particular morphology or a living body prerequisites for embodied cognition. Based on experimental evidence from a range of disciplines, we argue that one of the keys to understanding the embodiment of cognition is the sharing of neural mechanisms between sensorimotor processes and higher-level cognitive processes. The latter are argued to be embodied in the sense that they make use of (partial) simulations or emulations of sensorimotor processes through the re-activation of neural circuitry also active in bodily perception and action.

  • 31.
    Thill, Serge
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Svensson, Henrik
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    The inception of simulation: a hypothesis for the role of dreams in young children2011In: Expanding the Space of Cognitive Science: Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society / [ed] Laura Carlson, Christoph Hoelscher, Thomas F. Shipley, Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society, Inc., 2011, p. 231-236Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In the present paper, we present an argument and an initial model connecting research into the functional role of dreams with simulation theories. Traditionally, although theories that describe the refinement of simulations exist, the origin of these simulations is not considered in detail. Similarly, research into the functional role of dreams tends to focus on adults, with less regard to the dreams of young children.

    Here, we suggest that a functional role of dreams in infants through to early childhood may be the inception of these simulations. We show that the proposed model can present a unified explanation for functions of both the phenomenological experience of dreaming as well as other aspects of brain activity during sleeping, e.g. the processing of memories. Additionally, it explicitly provides an account for the development of simulations in early childhood, hypothesising that an initial function of dreams is the inception and development of simulations.

  • 32.
    Thill, Serge
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Svensson, Henrik
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Ziemke, Tom
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics. University of Skövde, The Informatics Research Centre.
    Modeling the Development of Goal-Specificity in Mirror Neurons2011In: Cognitive Computation, ISSN 1866-9956, E-ISSN 1866-9964, Vol. 3, no 4, p. 525-538Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Neurophysiological studies have shown that parietal mirror neurons encode not only actions but also the goal of these actions. Although some mirror neurons will fire whenever a certain action is perceived (goal-independently), most will only fire if the motion is perceived as part of an action with a specific goal. This result is important for the action-understanding hypothesis as it provides a potential neurological basis for such a cognitive ability. It is also relevant for the design of artificial cognitive systems, in particular robotic systems that rely on computational models of the mirror system in their interaction with other agents. Yet, to date, no computational model has explicitly addressed the mechanisms that give rise to both goal-specific and goal-independent parietal mirror neurons. In the present paper, we present a computational model based on a self-organizing map, which receives artificial inputs representing information about both the observed or executed actions and the context in which they were executed. We show that the map develops a biologically plausible organization in which goal-specific mirror neurons emerge. We further show that the fundamental cause for both the appearance and the number of goal-specific neurons can be found in geometric relationships between the different inputs to the map. The results are important to the action-understanding hypothesis as they provide a mechanism for the emergence of goal-specific parietal mirror neurons and lead to a number of predictions: (1) Learning of new goals may mostly reassign existing goal-specific neurons rather than recruit new ones; (2) input differences between executed and observed actions can explain observed corresponding differences in the number of goal-specific neurons; and (3) the percentage of goal-specific neurons may differ between motion primitives.

  • 33.
    Windridge, David
    et al.
    Department of Computer Science, Middlesex University, UK / Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing, University of Surrey, UK.
    Svensson, Henrik
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment.
    Thill, Serge
    University of Skövde, School of Informatics. University of Skövde, Informatics Research Environment. Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Netherlands.
    On the utility of dreaming: A general model for how learning in artificial agents can benefit from data hallucination2021In: Adaptive Behavior, ISSN 1059-7123, E-ISSN 1741-2633, Vol. 29, no 3, p. 267-280, article id UNSP 1059712319896489Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We consider the benefits of dream mechanisms - that is, the ability to simulate new experiences based on past ones - in a machine learning context. Specifically, we are interested in learning for artificial agents that act in the world, and operationalize "dreaming" as a mechanism by which such an agent can use its own model of the learning environment to generate new hypotheses and training data. We first show that it is not necessarily a given that such a data-hallucination process is useful, since it can easily lead to a training set dominated by spurious imagined data until an ill-defined convergence point is reached. We then analyse a notably successful implementation of a machine learning-based dreaming mechanism by Ha and Schmidhuber (Ha, D., & Schmidhuber, J. (2018). World models. arXiv e-prints, arXiv:1803.10122). On that basis, we then develop a general framework by which an agent can generate simulated data to learn from in a manner that is beneficial to the agent. This, we argue, then forms a general method for an operationalized dream-like mechanism. We finish by demonstrating the general conditions under which such mechanisms can be useful in machine learning, wherein the implicit simulator inference and extrapolation involved in dreaming act without reinforcing inference error even when inference is incomplete.

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  • 34.
    Ziemke, Tom
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics.
    Bergfeldt, Nicklas
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics.
    Buason, Gunnar
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics.
    Susi, Tarja
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics.
    Svensson, Henrik
    University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics.
    Evolving Cognitive Scaffolding and Environment Adaptation: A New Research Direction for Evolutionary Robotics2004In: Connection Science, ISSN 0954-0091, Vol. 16, no 4, p. 339-350Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Many researchers in embodied cognitive science and artificial intelligence, and evolutionary robotics in particular, emphasize the interaction of brain, body and environment as crucial to the emergence of intelligent, adaptive behaviour. Accordingly, the interaction between agent and environment, as well as the co-adaptation of artificial brains and bodies, has been the focus of much research in evolutionary robotics. Hence, there are plenty of studies of robotic agents/species adapting to a given environment. Many animals, on the other hand, in particular humans, to some extent can choose to adapt the environment to their own needs instead of adapting (only) themselves. That alternative has been studied relatively little in robot experiments. This paper, therefore, presents some simple initial simulation experiments, in a delayed response task setting, that illustrate how the evolution of environment adaptation can serve to provide cognitive scaffolding that reduces the requirements for individual agents. Furthermore, theoretical implications, open questions and future research directions for evolutionary robotics are discussed.

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