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  • 1.
    Amouzgar, Kaveh
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Bandaru, Sunith
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Andersson, Tobias J.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    A framework for simulation based multi-objective optimization and knowledge discovery of machining process2018In: The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, ISSN 0268-3768, E-ISSN 1433-3015, Vol. 98, no 9-12, p. 2469-2486Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 2.
    Amouzgar, Kaveh
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Bandaru, Sunith
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Andersson, Tobias J.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Metamodel based multi-objective optimization of a turning process by using finite element simulationManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This study investigates the advantages and potentials of the metamodelbased multi-objective optimization (MOO) of a turning operation through the application of finite element simulations and evolutionary algorithms to a metal cutting process. The objectives are minimizing the interface temperature and tool wear depth obtained from FE simulations using DEFORM2D software, and maximizing the material removal rate. Tool geometry and process parameters are considered as the input variables. Seven metamodelling methods are employed and evaluated, based on accuracy and suitability. Radial basis functions with a priori bias and Kriging are chosen to model tool–chip interface temperature and tool wear depth, respectively. The non-dominated solutions are found using the strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm SPEA2 and compared with the non-dominated front obtained from pure simulation-based MOO. The metamodel-based MOO method is not only advantageous in terms of reducing the computational time by 70%, but is also able to discover 31 new non-dominated solutions over simulation-based MOO.

  • 3.
    Amouzgar, Kaveh
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment.
    Bandaru, Sunith
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment.
    Andersson, Tobias
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment.
    Metamodel-based multi-objective optimization of a turning process by using finite element simulation2020In: Engineering optimization (Print), ISSN 0305-215X, E-ISSN 1029-0273, Vol. 52, no 7, p. 1261-1278Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study investigates the advantages and potentials of the metamodelbased multi-objective optimization (MOO) of a turning operation through the application of finite element simulations and evolutionary algorithms to a metal cutting process. The objectives are minimizing the interface temperature and tool wear depth obtained from FE simulations using DEFORM2D software, and maximizing the material removal rate. Tool geometry and process parameters are considered as the input variables. Seven metamodelling methods are employed and evaluated, based on accuracy and suitability. Radial basis functions with a priori bias and Kriging are chosen to model tool–chip interface temperature and tool wear depth, respectively. The non-dominated solutions are found using the strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm SPEA2 and compared with the non-dominated front obtained from pure simulation-based MOO. The metamodel-based MOO method is not only advantageous in terms of reducing the computational time by 70%, but is also able to discover 31 new non-dominated solutions over simulation-based MOO.

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  • 4.
    Amouzgar, Kaveh
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Bandaru, Sunith
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Radial basis functions with a priori bias as surrogate models: A comparative study2018In: Engineering applications of artificial intelligence, ISSN 0952-1976, E-ISSN 1873-6769, Vol. 71, p. 28-44Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Radial basis functions are augmented with a posteriori bias in order to perform robustly when used as metamodels. Recently, it has been proposed that the bias can simply be set a priori by using the normal equation, i.e., the bias becomes the corresponding regression model. In this study, we demonstrate the performance of the suggested approach (RBFpri) with four other well-known metamodeling methods; Kriging, support vector regression, neural network and multivariate adaptive regression. The performance of the five methods is investigated by a comparative study, using 19 mathematical test functions, with five different degrees of dimensionality and sampling size for each function. The performance is evaluated by root mean squared error representing the accuracy, rank error representing the suitability of metamodels when coupled with evolutionary optimization algorithms, training time representing the efficiency and variation of root mean squared error representing the robustness. Furthermore, a rigorous statistical analysis of performance metrics is performed. The results show that the proposed radial basis function with a priori bias achieved the best performance in most of the experiments in terms of all three metrics. When considering the statistical analysis results, the proposed approach again behaved the best, while Kriging was relatively as accurate and support vector regression was almost as fast as RBFpri. The proposed RBF is proven to be the most suitable method in predicting the ranking among pairs of solutions utilized in evolutionary algorithms. Finally, the comparison study is carried out on a real-world engineering optimization problem.

  • 5.
    Amouzgar, Kaveh
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment. Division of Industrial Engineering and Management, Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Ljustina, Goran
    Volvo Car Corporation, ME PS Research and Technology, Skövde, Sweden.
    Optimizing index positions on CNC tool magazines considering cutting tool life and duplicates2020In: Procedia CIRP, E-ISSN 2212-8271, Vol. 93, p. 1508-1513Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Minimizing the non-machining time of CNC machines requires optimal positioning of cutting tools on indexes (stations) of CNC machine turret magazine. This work presents a genetic algorithm with a novel solution representation and genetic operators to find the best possible index positions while tool duplicates and tools life are taken in to account during the process. The tool allocation in a machining process of a crankshaft with 10 cutting operations, on a 45-index magazine, is optimized for the entire life of the tools on the magazine. The tool-indexing time is considerably reduced compared to the current index positions being used in an automotive factory. 

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  • 6.
    Amouzgar, Kaveh
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment. Division of Industrial Engineering and Management, Uppsala University.
    Nourmohammadi, Amir
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment. Division of Industrial Engineering and Management, Uppsala University.
    Multi-objective optimisation of tool indexing problem: a mathematical model and a modified genetic algorithm2021In: International Journal of Production Research, ISSN 0020-7543, E-ISSN 1366-588X, Vol. 59, no 12, p. 3572-3590Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Machining process efficiencies can be improved by minimising the non-machining time, thereby resulting in short operation cycles. In automatic-machining centres, this is realised via optimum cutting tool allocation on turret-magazine indices – the “tool-indexing problem”. Extant literature simplifies TIP as a single-objective optimisation problem by considering minimisation of only the tool-indexing time. In contrast, this study aims to address the multi-objective optimisation tool indexing problem (MOOTIP) by identifying changes that must be made to current industrial settings as an additional objective. Furthermore, tool duplicates and lifespan have been considered. In addition, a novel mathematical model is proposed for solving MOOTIP. Given the complexity of the problem, the authors suggest the use of a modified strength Pareto evolutionary algorithm combined with a customised environment-selection mechanism. The proposed approach attained a uniform distribution of solutions to realise the above objectives. Additionally, a customised solution representation was developed along with corresponding genetic operators to ensure the feasibility of solutions obtained. Results obtained in this study demonstrate the realization of not only a significant (70%) reduction in non-machining time but also a set of tradeoff solutions for decision makers to manage their tools more efficiently compared to current practices. 

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  • 7.
    Andersson, Marcus
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society.
    Grimm, Henrik
    University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society.
    Persson, Anna
    University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society.
    Ng, Amos
    University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society.
    A web-based simulation optimization system for industrial scheduling2007In: Proceedings of the 39th conference on Winter simulation: 40 years! The best is yet to come, IEEE Press, 2007, p. 1844-1852Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Many real-world production systems are complex in nature and it is a real challenge to find an efficient scheduling method that satisfies the production requirements as well as utilizes the resources efficiently. Tools like discrete event simulation (DES) are very useful for modeling these systems and can be used to test and compare different schedules before dispatching the best schedules to the targeted systems. DES alone, however, cannot be used to find the "optimal" schedule. Simulation-based optimization (SO) can be used to search for optimal schedules efficiently without too much user intervention. Observing that long computing time may prohibit the interest in using SO for industrial scheduling, various techniques to speed up the SO process have to be explored. This paper presents a case study that shows the use of a Web-based parallel and distributed SO platform to support the operations scheduling of a machining line in an automotive factory.

  • 8.
    Andersson, Marcus
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Ng, Amos
    University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Grimm, Henrik
    University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Simulation Optimization for Industrial Scheduling Using Hybrid Genetic Representation2008In: Proceedings of the 2008 Winter Simulation Conference / [ed] S. J. Mason, R. R. Hill, L. Mönch, O. Rose, T. Jefferson, J. W. Fowler, IEEE conference proceedings, 2008, p. 2004-2011Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Simulation modeling has the capability to represent complex real-world systems in details and therefore it is suitable to develop simulation models for generating detailed operation plans to control the shop floor. In the literature, there are two major approaches for tackling the simulation-based scheduling problems, namely dispatching rules and using meta-heuristic search algorithms. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate that there are advantages when these two approaches are combined. More precisely, this paper introduces a novel hybrid genetic representation as a combination of both a partially completed schedule (direct) and the optimal dispatching rules (indirect), for setting the schedules for some critical stages (e.g. bottlenecks) and other non-critical stages respectively. When applied to an industrial case study, this hybrid method has been found to outperform the two common approaches, in terms of finding reasonably good solutions within a shorter time period for most of the complex scheduling scenarios.

  • 9.
    Andersson, Marcus
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society.
    Persson, Anna
    University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society.
    Grimm, Henrik
    University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society.
    Ng, Amos
    University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society.
    Simulation-based Scheduling using a Genetic Algorithm with Consideration to Robustness: A Real-world Case Study2007In: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Flexible Automation and Intelligent Manufacturing (FAIM 2007), 2007, p. 957-964Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 10.
    Andersson, Martin
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Bandaru, Sunith
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Towards Optimal Algorithmic Parameters for Simulation-Based Multi-Objective Optimization2016In: 2016 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), New York: IEEE, 2016, p. 5162-5169Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The use of optimization to solve a simulation-based multi-objective problem produces a set of solutions that provide information about the trade-offs that have to be considered by the decision maker. An incomplete or sub-optimal set of solutions will negatively affect the quality of any subsequent decisions. The parameters that control the search behavior of an optimization algorithm can be used to minimize this risk. However, choosing good parameter settings for a given optimization algorithm and problem combination is difficult. The aim of this paper is to take a step towards optimal parameter settings for optimization of simulation-based problems. Two parameter tuning methods, Latin Hypercube Sampling and Genetic Algorithms, are used to maximize the performance of NSGA-II applied to a simulation-based problem with discrete variables. The strengths and weaknesses of both methods are analyzed. The effect of the number of decision variables and the function budget on the optimal parameter settings is also studied.

  • 11.
    Andersson, Martin
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Bandaru, Sunith
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Tuning of Multiple Parameter Sets in Evolutionary Algorithms2016In: GECCO'16: Proceedings of the 2016 genetic and evolutionary computation conference, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2016, p. 533-540Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Evolutionary optimization algorithms typically use one or more parameters that control their behavior. These parameters, which are often kept constant, can be tuned to improve the performance of the algorithm on specific problems. However, past studies have indicated that the performance can be further improved by adapting the parameters during runtime. A limitation of these studies is that they only control, at most, a few parameters, thereby missing potentially beneficial interactions between them. Instead of finding a direct control mechanism, the novel approach in this paper is to use different parameter sets in different stages of an optimization. These multiple parameter sets, which remain static within each stage, are tuned through extensive bi-level optimization experiments that approximate the optimal adaptation of the parameters. The algorithmic performance obtained with tuned multiple parameter sets is compared against that obtained with a single parameter set. For the experiments in this paper, the parameters of NSGA-II are tuned when applied to the ZDT, DTLZ and WFG test problems. The results show that using multiple parameter sets can significantly increase the performance over a single parameter set.

  • 12.
    Andersson, Martin
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Bandaru, Sunith
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Syberfeldt, Anna
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Parameter tuned CMA-ES on the CEC'15 expensive problems2015In: 2015 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC): Proceedings, 25-28 May 2015, Sendai, Japan, IEEE conference proceedings, 2015, p. 1950-1957Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Evolutionary optimization algorithms have parameters that are used to adapt the search strategy to suit different optimization problems. Selecting the optimal parameter values for a given problem is difficult without a-priori knowledge. Experimental studies can provide this knowledge by finding the best parameter values for a specific set of problems. This knowledge can also be constructed into heuristics (rule-of-thumbs) that can adapt the parameters for the problem. The aim of this paper is to assess the heuristics of the Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES) optimization algorithm. This is accomplished by tuning CMA-ES parameters so as to maximize its performance on the CEC'15 problems, using a bilevel optimization approach that searches for the optimal parameter values. The optimized parameter values are compared against the parameter values suggested by the heuristics. The difference between specialized and generalized parameter values are also investigated.

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  • 13.
    Andersson, Martin
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Bandaru, Sunith
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Syberfeldt, Anna
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Parameter Tuning of MOEAs Using a Bilevel Optimization Approach2015In: Evolutionary Multi-Criterion Optimization: 8th International Conference, EMO 2015, Guimarães, Portugal, March 29 --April 1, 2015. Proceedings, Part I / [ed] António Gaspar-Cunha, Carlos Henggeler Antunes & Carlos Coello Coello, Springer International Publishing Switzerland , 2015, p. 233-247Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The performance of an Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) can be greatly influenced by its parameters. The optimal parameter settings are also not necessarily the same across different problems. Finding the optimal set of parameters is therefore a difficult and often time-consuming task. This paper presents results of parameter tuning experiments on the NSGA-II and NSGA-III algorithms using the ZDT test problems. The aim is to gain new insights on the characteristics of the optimal parameter settings and to study if the parameters impose the same effect on both NSGA-II and NSGA-III. The experiments also aim at testing if the rule of thumb that the mutation probability should be set to one divided by the number of decision variables is a good heuristic on the ZDT problems. A comparison of the performance of NSGA-II and NSGA-III on the ZDT problems is also made.

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  • 14.
    Andersson, Martin
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Parameter Tuning Evolutionary Algorithms for Runtime versus Cost Trade-off in a Cloud Computing Environment2018In: Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, ISSN 1569-190X, Vol. 89, p. 195-205Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The runtime of an evolutionary algorithm can be reduced by increasing the number of parallel evaluations. However, increasing the number of parallel evaluations can also result in wasted computational effort since there is a greater probability of creating solutions that do not contribute to convergence towards the global optimum. A trade-off, therefore, arises between the runtime and computational effort for different levels of parallelization of an evolutionary algorithm.  When the computational effort is translated into cost, the trade-off can be restated as runtime versus cost. This trade-off is particularly relevant for cloud computing environments where the computing resources can be exactly matched to the level of parallelization of the algorithm, and the cost is proportional to the runtime and how many instances that are used. This paper empirically investigates this trade-off for two different evolutionary algorithms, NSGA-II and differential evolution (DE) when applied to multi-objective discrete-event simulation-based (DES) problem. Both generational and steadystate asynchronous versions of both algorithms are included. The approach is to perform parameter tuning on a simplified version of the DES model. A subset of the best configurations from each tuning experiment is then evaluated on a cloud computing platform. The results indicate that, for the included DES problem, the steady-state asynchronous version of each algorithm provides a better runtime versus cost trade-off than the generational versions and that DE outperforms NSGA-II.

  • 15.
    Andersson, Martin
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Bandaru, Sunith
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    A Parallel Computing Software Architecture for the Bilevel Parameter Tuning of Optimization AlgorithmsManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Most optimization algorithms extract important algorithmic design decisions as control parameters. This is necessary because different problems can require different search strategies to be solved effectively. The control parameters allow for the optimization algorithm to be adapted to the problem at hand. It is however difficult to predict what the optimal control parameters are for any given problem. Finding these optimal control parameter values is referred to as the parameter tuning problem. One approach of solving the parameter tuning problem is to use a bilevel optimization where the parameter tuning problem itself is formulated as an optimization problem involving algorithmic performance as the objective(s). In this paper, we present a framework and architecture that can be used to solve large-scale parameter tuning problems using a bilevel optimization approach. The proposed framework is used to show that evolutionary algorithms are competitive as tuners against irace which is a state-of-the-art tuning method. Two evolutionary algorithms, differential evaluation (DE) and a genetic algorithm (GA) are evaluated as tuner algorithms using the proposed framework and software architecture. The importance of replicating optimizations and avoiding local optima is also investigated. The architecture is deployed and tested by running millions of optimizations using a computing cluster. The results indicate that the evolutionary algorithms can consistently find better control parameter values than irace. The GA, however, needs to be configured for an explicit exploration and exploitation strategy in order avoid local optima.

  • 16.
    Andersson, Martin
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Bernedixen, Jacob
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    On the Trade-off Between Runtime and Evaluation Efficiency In Evolutionary AlgorithmsManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Evolutionary optimization algorithms typically use one or more parameters that control their behavior. These parameters, which are often kept constant, can be tuned to improve the performance of the algorithm on specific problems.  However, past studies have indicated that the performance can be further improved by adapting the parameters during runtime. A limitation of these studies is that they only control, at most, a few parameters, thereby missing potentially beneficial interactions between them. Instead of finding a direct control mechanism, the novel approach in this paper is to use different parameter sets in different stages of an optimization. These multiple parameter sets, which remain static within each stage, are tuned through extensive bi-level optimization experiments that approximate the optimal adaptation of the parameters. The algorithmic performance obtained with tuned multiple parameter sets is compared against that obtained with a single parameter set.  For the experiments in this paper, the parameters of NSGAII are tuned when applied to the ZDT, DTLZ and WFG test problems. The results show that using multiple parameter sets can significantly increase the performance over a single parameter set.

  • 17.
    Andersson, Martin
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Syberfeldt, Anna
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Ng, Amos
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Bengtsson, Victor
    Posten AB, Solna, Sweden.
    Evolutionary Simulation Optimization of Personnel Scheduling2014In: 12th International Industrial Simulation Conference 2014: ISC'2014 / [ed] Amos Ng; Anna Syberfeldt, Eurosis , 2014, p. 61-65Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents a simulation-optimization system for personnel scheduling. The system is developed for the Swedish postal services and aims at finding personnel schedules that minimizes both total man hours and the administrative burden of the person responsible for handling schedules. For the optimization, the multi-objective evolutionary algorithm NSGA-II is implemented. The simulation-optimization system is evaluated on a real-world test case and results from the evaluation shows that the algorithm is successful in optimizing the problem.

  • 18.
    Aslam, Tehseen
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society.
    Andersson, Marcus
    University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society.
    Ng, Amos
    University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society.
    De Vin, Leo
    University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society.
    Simulation-Based Optimisation For Complex Production Systems2006In: IMC23, 2006, p. 519-526Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 19.
    Aslam, Tehseen
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Hedenstierna, Philip
    University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Wang, Lihui
    University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Multi-objective Optimisation in Manufacturing Supply Chain Systems Design: A Comprehensive Survey and New Directions2011In: Multi-objective Evolutionary Optimisation for Product Design and Manufacturing / [ed] Lihui Wang, Amos H. C. Ng, Kalyanmoy Deb, Springer London, 2011, p. 35-70Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Research regarding supply chain optimisation has been performed for a long time. However, it is only in the last decade that the research community has started to investigate multi-objective optimisation for supply chains. Supply chains are in general complex networks composed of autonomous entities whereby multiple performance measures in different levels, which in most cases are in conflict with each other, have to be taken into account. In this chapter, we present a comprehensive literature review of existing multi-objective optimisation applications, both analytical-based and simulation-based, in supply chain management publications. Later on in the chapter, we identify the needs of an integration of multi-objective optimisation and system dynamics models, and present a case study on how such kind of integration can be applied for the investigation of bullwhip effects in a supply chain.

  • 20.
    Aslam, Tehseen
    et al.
    University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre. University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society.
    Ng, Amos
    University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre. University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society.
    Agent-based Simulation and Simulation-based Optimisation for Supply Chain Management2010In: Enterprise Networks and Logistics for Agile Manufacturing / [ed] Lihui Wang & S. C. Lenny Koh, Springer London, 2010, p. 227-247Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Agent-based simulation (ABS) represents a paradigm in the modelling and simulation of complex and dynamic systems distributed in time and space. Since manufacturing and logistics operations are characterised by distributed activities as well as decision making - in both time and in space - and can be regarded as complex, the ABS approach is highly appropriate for these types of systems. The aim of this chapter is to present a new framework of applying ABS and simulation-based optimisation techniques to supply chain management, which considers the entities (supplier, manufacturer, distributor and retailer) in the supply chain as intelligent agents in a simulation. This chapter also gives an outline on how these agents pursue their local objectives/goals as well as how they react and interact with each other to achieve a more holistic objective(s)/goal(s).

  • 21.
    Aslam, Tehseen
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Agent Based Simulation and Optimization for Supply Chain Management2008In: Proceedings of the 2nd Swedish Production Symposium, 2008Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 22.
    Aslam, Tehseen
    et al.
    University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre. University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre. University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science.
    Combining system dynamics and multi-objective optimization with design space reduction2016In: Industrial management & data systems, ISSN 0263-5577, E-ISSN 1758-5783, Vol. 116, no 2, p. 291-321Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose 

    The purpose of this study is to introduce an effective methodology for obtaining Pareto-optimal solutions, when combining System Dynamics (SD) and Multi-Objective Optimization (MOO) for supply chain problems.

    Design/methodology/approach 

    This paper proposes a new approach that combines SD and MOO within a simulation-based optimization framework to generate the efficient frontier that supports decision- making in SupplyChain Management (SCM). It also addresses the issue of the curse of dimensionality, commonly found in practical optimization problems, through design space reduction.

    Findings 

    The integrated MOO and SD approach has been shown to be very useful in revealing how the decision variables in the Beer Game affect the optimality of the three common SCM objectives, namely, the minimization of inventory, backlog, and the bullwhip effect. The results of the in-depth Beer Game study clearly show that these three optimization objectives are in conflict with each other, in the sense that a supply chain manager cannot minimize the bullwhip effect without increasing the total inventory and total backlog levels.

    Practical implications

    Having a methodology that enables the effective generation of optimal trade-off solutions, in terms of computational cost, time, as well as solution diversity and intensification, not only assists decision makers to make decisions on time, but also presents a diverse and intense solution set to choose from.

    Originality/value 

    This paper presents a novel supply chain MOO methodology that helps to find Pareto-optimal solutions in a more effective manner. In order to do so, the methodology tackles the so-called curse of dimensionality, by reducing the design space and focusing the search of the optimization to regions of interest. Together with design space reduction, it is believed that the integrated SD and MOOapproach can provide an innovative and efficient method for the design and analysis of manufacturing supply chain systems in general.

  • 23.
    Aslam, Tehseen
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Multi Objective Optimization for Supply Chain Management based on an Agent Based Framework2010In: 20th International Conference on Flexible Automation and Intelligent Manufacturing 2010 (FAIM 2010): Volume 1 of 2, Curran Associates, Inc., 2010, p. 431-438Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 24.
    Aslam, Tehseen
    et al.
    University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre. University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre. University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society.
    Multi-Objective Optimization for Supply Chain Management: A Literature Review and New Development2010In: SCMIS 2010 - Proceedings of 2010 8th International Conference on Supply Chain Management and Information Systems: Logistics Systems and Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , 2010, p. Article number 5681724-Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Research  regarding  supply  chain   optimization   has been  performed  for  a  long  time.  However,  it’s  only  in  the  last decade  that  the  research  community  has  started  to  investigate multi-objective optimization for supply chains. Supply chains are in  general  complex  networks  composed  of  autonomous  entities whereby   multiple   performance   measures   in   different   levels, which  in  most  cases  are  in  conflict  with  each  other,  have  to  be taken into account. In this paper, we present a literature review of    existing    multi-objective    optimization    applications,    both analytical-based    and    simulation-based,    in    supply    chain management  publications.  Based  on  the  literature  review,  the need    for    research    in    a    multi-objective    and    multi-level optimization   framework   for   supply   chain   management   is proposed. Such a framework considers not only the optimization of  the  overall  supply  chain,  but  also  for  each  entity  within  the supply chain, in a multi-objective optimization context.

  • 25.
    Aslam, Tehseen
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Bandaru, Sunith
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Multi-objective Optimization and Analysis of the Inventory Management Model2014In: Proceedings of the 2014 Summer Simulation Multiconference, Society for Computer Simulation International , 2014, Vol. 46, p. 99-106Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 26.
    Aslam, Tehseen
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Karlsson, Ingemar
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Integrating system dynamics and multi-objective optimisation for manufacturing supply chain analysis2014In: International Journal of Manufacturing Research, ISSN 1750-0605, Vol. 9, no 1, p. 27-57Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this paper is to address the dilemma of supply chain management (SCM) within a truly Pareto-based multi-objective context. This is done by introducing an integration of system dynamics and multi-objective optimisation. An extended version of the well-known pedagogical SCMproblem, the Beer Game, originally developed at MIT since the 1960s, has been used as the illustrative example. As will be discussed in the paper, the integrated multi-objective optimisation and system dynamics model has been shown to be very useful for revealing how the parameters in the Beer Game affect the optimality of the three common SCM objectives, namely, the minimisation of inventory cost, backlog cost, and the bullwhip effect.

    Download full text (pdf)
    Integrating system dynamics and multi-objective optimisation for manufacturing supply chain analysis
  • 27.
    Aslam, Tehseen
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Karlsson, Ingemar
    University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Integrating System Dynamics and Multi-Objective Optimization for Manufacturing Supply Chain Analysis2012In: Proceedings of the 5th Swedish Production symposium (SPS'12), 2012, p. 433-441Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this paper is to address the dilemma of Supply Chain Management (SCM) within a truly Pareto-based multi-objective context. This is done by introducing an integration of System Dynamics and Multi-Objective Optimization. Specifically, the paper contrasts local optimization with global optimization for SCM in which optimal trade-off solutions in the entity level, i.e. optimizing the supply chain from the perspectives of individual (local) entities. e.g., supplier, factory, distributor and retailer, are collected and compared to those obtained from an overall supply chain level (global) optimization. An extended version of the well-known pedagogical SCM problem, the Beer Game, originally developed at MIT since the 1960s, has been used as the illustrative example. As will be discussed in the paper, the integrated multi-objective optimization and system dynamics model has been shown to be very useful for revealing that how the parameters in the Beer Game affect the optimality of the three common SCM objectives, namely, the minimization of inventory, backlog, and the bullwhip effect.

  • 28.
    Aslam, Tehseen
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Ng, Amos H.C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Strategy evaluation using system dynamics and multi-objective optimization for an internal supply chain2015In: Proceedings of the 2015 Winter Simulation Conference / [ed] L. Yilmaz, W. K. V. Chan, I. Moon, T. M. K. Roeder, C. Macal and M. D. Rossetti, Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE Press, 2015, p. 2033-2044Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    System dynamics, which is an approach built on information feedbacks and delays in the model in order to understand the dynamical behavior of a system, has successfully been implemented for supply chain management problems for many years. However, research within in multi-objective optimization of supply chain problems modelled through system dynamics has been scares. Supply chain decision making is much more complex than treating it as a single objective optimization problem due to the fact that supply chains are subjected to the multiple performance measures when optimizing its process. This paper presents an industrial application study utilizing the simulation based optimization framework by combining system dynamics simulation and multi-objective optimization. The industrial study depicts a conceptual system dynamics model for internal logistics system with the aim to evaluate the effects of different material flow control strategies by minimizing total system work-on-process as wells as total delivery delay.

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    Strategy evaluation using system dynamics and multi-objective optimization for an internal supply chain
  • 29.
    Aslam, Tehseen
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Syberfeldt, Anna
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Ng, Amos
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Pehrsson, Leif
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre. Volvo Car Engine, Manufacturing Research and Concepts, Skövde, Sweden.
    Urenda-Moris, Mathias
    Uppsala University, Ångströmlaboratoriet, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Towards an industrial testbed for holistic virtual production development2018In: Advances in Manufacturing Technology XXXII: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Manufacturing Research, incorporating the 33rd National Conference on Manufacturing Research, September 11–13, 2018, University of Skövde, Sweden / [ed] Peter Thorvald, Keith Case, Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2018, p. 369-374Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Virtual production development is adopted by many companies in the production industry and digital models and virtual tools are utilized for strategic, tactical and operational decisions in almost every stage of the value chain. This paper suggest a testbed concept that aims the production industry to adopt a virtual production development process with integrated tool chains that enables holistic optimizations, all the way from the overall supply chain performance down to individual equipment/devices. The testbed, which is fully virtual, provides a mean for development and testing of integrated digital models and virtual tools, including both technical and methodological aspects.

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    fulltext
  • 30.
    Ayani, Mikel
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment.
    Ganebäck, Maria
    Projektengagemang Industri & Energi Sverige AB, El & Automation, Skövde, Sweden.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment.
    Digital Twin: Applying emulation for machine reconditioning2018In: Procedia CIRP, E-ISSN 2212-8271, Vol. 72, p. 243-248Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Old machine reconditioning projects extend the life length of machines with reduced investments, however they frequently involve complex challenges. Due to the lack of technical documentation and the fact that the machines are running in production, they can require a reverse engineering phase and extremely short commissioning times. Recently, emulation software has become a key tool to create Digital Twins and carry out virtual commissioning of new manufacturing systems, reducing the commissioning time and increasing its final quality. This paper presents an industrial application study in which an emulation model is used to support a reconditioning project and where the benefits gained in the working process are highlighted.

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    fulltext
  • 31.
    Ayani, Mikel
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Birtic, Martin
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science.
    Optimizing Cycle Time and Energy Efficiency of a Robotic Cell Using an Emulation Model2018In: Advances in Manufacturing Technology XXXII: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Manufacturing Research, incorporating the 33rd National Conference on Manufacturing Research, September 11–13, 2018, University of Skövde, Sweden / [ed] Peter Thorvald; Keith Case, Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2018, Vol. 8, p. 411-416Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Industrial automated systems are mostly designed and pre-adjusted to always work at their maximum production rate. This leaves room for important energy consumption reductions considering the production rate variations of factories in reality. This article presents a multi-objective optimization application targeting cycle time and energy consumption of a robotic cell. A novel approach is presented where an existing emulation model of a fictitious robotic cell was extended with low-level electrical components modeled and encapsulated as FMUs. The model, commanded by PLC and Robot Control software, was subjected to a multi-objective optimization algorithm in order to find the Pareto front between energy consumption and production rate. The result of the optimization process allows selecting the most efficient energy consumption for the robotic cell in order to achieve the required cycle.

  • 32.
    Bandaru, Sunith
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Andersson, Martin
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Metamodel-based prediction of performance metrics for bilevel parameter tuning in MOEAs2016In: 2016 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), New York: IEEE, 2016, p. 1909-1916Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We consider a bilevel parameter tuning problem where the goal is to maximize the performance of a given multi-objective evolutionary optimizer on a given problem. The search for optimal algorithmic parameters requires the assessment of several sets of parameters, through multiple optimization runs, in order to mitigate the effect of noise that is inherent to evolutionary algorithms. This task is computationally expensive and therefore, in this paper, we propose to use sampling and metamodeling to approximate the performance of the optimizer as a function of its parameters. While such an approach is not unheard of, the choice of the metamodel to be used still remains unclear. The aim of this paper is to empirically compare 11 different metamodeling techniques with respect to their accuracy and training times in predicting two popular multi-objective performance metrics, namely, the hypervolume and the inverted generational distance. For the experiments in this pilot study, NSGA-II is used as the multi-objective optimizer for solving ZDT problems, 1 through 4.

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    fulltext
  • 33.
    Bandaru, Sunith
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Aslam, Tehseen
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Ng, Amos
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Deb, Kalyanmoy
    Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA.
    Generalized higher-level automated innovization with application to inventory management2015In: European Journal of Operational Research, ISSN 0377-2217, E-ISSN 1872-6860, Vol. 243, no 2, p. 480-496Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper generalizes the automated innovization framework using genetic programming in the context of higher-level innovization. Automated innovization is an unsupervised machine learning technique that can automatically extract significant mathematical relationships from Pareto-optimal solution sets. These resulting relationships describe the conditions for Pareto-optimality for the multi-objective problem under consideration and can be used by scientists and practitioners as thumb rules to understand the problem better and to innovate new problem solving techniques; hence the name innovization (innovation through optimization). Higher-level innovization involves performing automated innovization on multiple Pareto-optimal solution sets obtained by varying one or more problem parameters. The automated innovization framework was recently updated using genetic programming. We extend this generalization to perform higher-level automated innovization and demonstrate the methodology on a standard two-bar bi-objective truss design problem. The procedure is then applied to a classic case of inventory management with multi-objective optimization performed at both system and process levels. The applicability of automated innovization to this area should motivate its use in other avenues of operational research.

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    fulltext
  • 34.
    Bandaru, Sunith
    et al.
    University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre. University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science.
    Ng, Amos
    University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre. University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science.
    Deb, Kalyanmoy
    Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA.
    On the Performance of Classification Algorithms for Learning Pareto-Dominance Relations2014In: Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC), IEEE Press, 2014, p. 1139-1146Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs)are often criticized for their high-computational costs. Thisbecomes especially relevant in simulation-based optimizationwhere the objectives lack a closed form and are expensive toevaluate. Over the years, meta-modeling or surrogate modelingtechniques have been used to build inexpensive approximationsof the objective functions which reduce the overall number offunction evaluations (simulations). Some recent studies however,have pointed out that accurate models of the objective functionsmay not be required at all since evolutionary algorithms onlyrely on the relative ranking of candidate solutions. Extendingthis notion to MOEAs, algorithms which can ‘learn’ Paretodominancerelations can be used to compare candidate solutionsunder multiple objectives. With this goal in mind, in thispaper, we study the performance of ten different off-the-shelfclassification algorithms for learning Pareto-dominance relationsin the ZDT test suite of benchmark problems. We considerprediction accuracy and training time as performance measureswith respect to dimensionality and skewness of the training data.Being a preliminary study, this paper does not include results ofintegrating the classifiers into the search process of MOEAs.

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    bandaru2014performance
  • 35.
    Bandaru, Sunith
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    An empirical comparison of metamodeling strategies in noisy environments2018In: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO-2018) / [ed] Hernan Aguirre, New York, NY, USA: ACM Digital Library, 2018, p. 817-824, article id 3205509Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Metamodeling plays an important role in simulation-based optimization by providing computationally inexpensive approximations for the objective and constraint functions. Additionally metamodeling can also serve to filter noise, which is inherent in many simulation problems causing optimization algorithms to be mislead. In this paper, we conduct a thorough statistical comparison of four popular metamodeling methods with respect to their approximation accuracy at various levels of noise. We use six scalable benchmark problems from the optimization literature as our test suite. The problems have been chosen to represent different types of fitness landscapes, namely, bowl-shaped, valley-shaped, steep ridges and multi-modal, all of which can significantly influence the impact of noise. Each metamodeling technique is used in combination with four different noise handling techniques that are commonly employed by practitioners in the field of simulation-based optimization. The goal is to identify the metamodeling strategy, i.e. a combination of metamodeling and noise handling, that performs significantly better than others on the fitness landscapes under consideration. We also demonstrate how these results carry over to a simulation-based optimization problem concerning a scalable discrete event model of a simple but realistic production line.

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    fulltext
  • 36.
    Bandaru, Sunith
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    On the scalability of meta-models in simulation-based optimization of production systems2015In: Proceedings of the 2015 Winter Simulation Conference / [ed] L. Yilmaz, W. K. V. Chan, I. Moon, T. M. K. Roeder, C. Macal, and M. D. Rossetti, Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 2015, p. 3644-3655Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Optimization of production systems often involves numerous simulations of computationally expensive discrete-event models. When derivative-free optimization is sought, one usually resorts to evolutionary and other population-based meta-heuristics. These algorithms typically demand a large number of objective function evaluations, which in turn, drastically increases the computational cost of simulations. To counteract this, meta-models are used to replace expensive simulations with inexpensive approximations. Despite their widespread use, a thorough evaluation of meta-modeling methods has not been carried out yet to the authors' knowledge. In this paper, we analyze 10 different meta-models with respect to their accuracy and training time as a function of the number of training samples and the problem dimension. For our experiments, we choose a standard discrete-event model of an unpaced flow line with scalable number of machines and buffers. The best performing meta-model is then used with an evolutionary algorithm to perform multi-objective optimization of the production model.

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    On the scalability of meta-models in simulation-based optimization of production systems
  • 37.
    Bandaru, Sunith
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment.
    Trend Mining: A Visualization Technique to Discover Variable Trends in the Objective Space2019In: Evolutionary Multi-Criterion Optimization: 10th International Conference, EMO 2019, East Lansing, MI, USA, March 10-13, 2019, Proceedings / [ed] Kalyanmoy Deb; Erik Goodman; Carlos A. Coello Coello; Kathrin Klamroth; Kaisa Miettinen; Sanaz Mostaghim; Patrick Reed, Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2019, Vol. 11411, p. 605-617Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Practical multi-objective optimization problems often involve several decision variables that influence the objective space in different ways. All variables may not be equally important in determining the trade-offs of the problem. Decision makers, who are usually only concerned with the objective space, have a hard time identifying such important variables and understanding how the variables impact their decisions and vice versa. Several graphical methods exist in the MCDM literature that can aid decision makers in visualizing and navigating high-dimensional objective spaces. However, visualization methods that can specifically reveal the relationship between decision and objective space have not been developed so far. We address this issue through a novel visualization technique called trend mining that enables a decision maker to quickly comprehend the effect of variables on the structure of the objective space and easily discover interesting variable trends. The method uses moving averages with different windows to calculate an interestingness score for each variable along predefined reference directions. These scores are presented to the user in the form of an interactive heatmap. We demonstrate the working of the method and its usefulness through a benchmark and two engineering problems.

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    fulltext
  • 38.
    Bandaru, Sunith
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Deb, Kalyanmoy
    Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, USA.
    Data mining methods for knowledge discovery in multi-objective optimization: Part A - Survey2017In: Expert systems with applications, ISSN 0957-4174, E-ISSN 1873-6793, Vol. 70, p. 139-159Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Real-world optimization problems typically involve multiple objectives to be optimized simultaneously under multiple constraints and with respect to several variables. While multi-objective optimization itself can be a challenging task, equally difficult is the ability to make sense of the obtained solutions. In this two-part paper, we deal with data mining methods that can be applied to extract knowledge about multi-objective optimization problems from the solutions generated during optimization. This knowledge is expected to provide deeper insights about the problem to the decision maker, in addition to assisting the optimization process in future design iterations through an expert system. The current paper surveys several existing data mining methods and classifies them by methodology and type of knowledge discovered. Most of these methods come from the domain of exploratory data analysis and can be applied to any multivariate data. We specifically look at methods that can generate explicit knowledge in a machine-usable form. A framework for knowledge-driven optimization is proposed, which involves both online and offline elements of knowledge discovery. One of the conclusions of this survey is that while there are a number of data mining methods that can deal with data involving continuous variables, only a few ad hoc methods exist that can provide explicit knowledge when the variables involved are of a discrete nature. Part B of this paper proposes new techniques that can be used with such datasets and applies them to discrete variable multi-objective problems related to production systems. 

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    fulltext
  • 39.
    Bandaru, Sunith
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Deb, Kalyanmoy
    Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, USA.
    Data mining methods for knowledge discovery in multi-objective optimization: Part B - New developments and applications2017In: Expert systems with applications, ISSN 0957-4174, E-ISSN 1873-6793, Vol. 70, p. 119-138Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The first part of this paper served as a comprehensive survey of data mining methods that have been used to extract knowledge from solutions generated during multi-objective optimization. The current paper addresses three major shortcomings of existing methods, namely, lack of interactiveness in the objective space, inability to handle discrete variables and inability to generate explicit knowledge. Four data mining methods are developed that can discover knowledge in the decision space and visualize it in the objective space. These methods are (i) sequential pattern mining, (ii) clustering-based classification trees, (iii) hybrid learning, and (iv) flexible pattern mining. Each method uses a unique learning strategy to generate explicit knowledge in the form of patterns, decision rules and unsupervised rules. The methods are also capable of taking the decision maker's preferences into account to generate knowledge unique to preferred regions of the objective space. Three realistic production systems involving different types of discrete variables are chosen as application studies. A multi-objective optimization problem is formulated for each system and solved using NSGA-II to generate the optimization datasets. Next, all four methods are applied to each dataset. In each application, the methods discover similar knowledge for specified regions of the objective space. Overall, the unsupervised rules generated by flexible pattern mining are found to be the most consistent, whereas the supervised rules from classification trees are the most sensitive to user-preferences. 

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  • 40.
    Barrera Diaz, Carlos Alberto
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment.
    Aslam, Tehseen
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment. Division of Industrial Engineering and Management, Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Optimizing Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems for Fluctuating Production Volumes: A Simulation-Based Multi-Objective Approach2021In: IEEE Access, E-ISSN 2169-3536, Vol. 9, p. 144195-144210Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In today’s global and volatile market, manufacturing enterprises are subjected to intense global competition, increasingly shortened product lifecycles and increased product customization and tailoring while being pressured to maintain a high degree of cost-efficiency. As a consequence, production organizations are required to introduce more new product models and variants into existing production setups, leading to more frequent ramp-up and ramp-down scenarios when transitioning from an outgoing product to a new one. In order to cope with such as challenge, the setup of the production systems needs to shift towards reconfigurable manufacturing systems (RMS), making production capable of changing its function and capacity according to the product and customer demand. Consequently, this study presents a simulation-based multi-objective optimization approach for system re-configuration of multi-part flow lines subjected to scalable capacities, which addresses the assignment of the tasks to workstations and buffer allocation for simultaneously maximizing throughput and minimizing total buffer capacity to cope with fluctuating production volumes. To this extent, the results from the study demonstrate the benefits that decision-makers could gain, particularly when they face trade-off decisions inherent in today’s manufacturing industry by adopting a Simulation-Based Multi-Objective Optimization (SMO) approach.

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  • 41.
    Barrera Diaz, Carlos Alberto
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment.
    Aslam, Tehseen
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment.
    Flores-García, Erik
    Dept. of Sustainable Production Development, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Södertälje, Sweden.
    Wiktorsson, Magnus
    Dept. of Sustainable Production Development, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Södertälje, Sweden.
    Simulation-based multi-objective optimization for reconfigurable manufacturing system configurations analysis2020In: Proceedings of the 2020 Winter Simulation Conference / [ed] K.-H. Bae; B. Feng; S. Kim; S. Lazarova-Molnar; Z. Zheng; T. Roeder; R. Thiesing, IEEE, 2020, p. 1527-1538Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this study is to analyze the use of Simulation-Based Multi-Objective Optimization (SMO) for Reconfigurable Manufacturing System Configuration Analysis (RMS-CA). In doing so, this study addresses the need for efficiently performing RMS-CA with respect to the limited time for decision-making in the industry, and investigates one of the salient problems of RMS-CA: determining the minimum number of machines necessary to satisfy the demand. The study adopts an NSGA II optimization algorithm and presents two contributions to existing literature. Firstly, the study proposes a series of steps for the use of SMO for RMS-CA and shows how to simultaneously maximize production throughput, minimize lead time, and buffer size. Secondly, the study presents a qualitative comparison with the prior work in RMS-CA and the proposed use of SMO; it discusses the advantages and challenges of using SMO and provides critical insight for production engineers and managers responsible for production system configuration.

  • 42.
    Barrera Diaz, Carlos Alberto
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment.
    Fathi, Masood
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment. Division of Industrial Engineering and Management, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Aslam, Tehseen
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment. Division of Industrial Engineering and Management, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Optimizing reconfigurable manufacturing systems: A Simulation-based Multi-objective Optimization approach2021In: Procedia CIRP, E-ISSN 2212-8271, Vol. 104, p. 1837-1842Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Application of reconfigurable manufacturing systems (RMS) plays a significant role in manufacturing companies’ success in the current fiercely competitive market. Despite the RMS’s advantages, designing these systems to achieve a high-efficiency level is a complex and challenging task that requires the use of optimization techniques. This study proposes a simulation-based optimization approach for optimal allocation of work tasks and resources (i.e., machines) to workstations. Three conflictive objectives, namely maximizing the throughput, minimizing the buffers’ capacity, and minimizing the number of machines, are optimized simultaneously while considering the system’s stochastic behavior to achieve the desired system’s configuration.

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    fulltext
  • 43.
    Barrera Diaz, Carlos Alberto
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment.
    Nourmohammadi, Amir
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment.
    Smedberg, Henrik
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment.
    Aslam, Tehseen
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment. Division of Industrial Engineering and Management, Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, Uppsala University, Sweden.
    An Enhanced Simulation-Based Multi-Objective Optimization Approach with Knowledge Discovery for Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems2023In: Mathematics, ISSN 2227-7390, Vol. 11, no 6, article id 1527Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In today’s uncertain and competitive market, where manufacturing enterprises are subjected to increasingly shortened product lifecycles and frequent volume changes, reconfigurable manufacturing system (RMS) applications play significant roles in the success of the manufacturing industry. Despite the advantages offered by RMSs, achieving high efficiency constitutes a challenging task for stakeholders and decision makers when they face the trade-off decisions inherent in these complex systems. This study addresses work task and resource allocations to workstations together with buffer capacity allocation in an RMS. The aim is to simultaneously maximize throughput and to minimize total buffer capacity under fluctuating production volumes and capacity changes while considering the stochastic behavior of the system. An enhanced simulation-based multi-objective optimization (SMO) approach with customized simulation and optimization components is proposed to address the abovementioned challenges. Apart from presenting the optimal solutions subject to volume and capacity changes, the proposed approach supports decision makers with knowledge discovery to further understand RMS design. In particular, this study presents a customized SMO approach combined with a novel flexible pattern mining method for optimizing an RMS and conducts post-optimal analyses. To this extent, this study demonstrates the benefits of applying SMO and knowledge discovery methods for fast decision support and production planning of an RMS.

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    fulltext
  • 44.
    Barrera Diaz, Carlos Alberto
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment.
    Smedberg, Henrik
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment.
    Bandaru, Sunith
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment.
    Enabling Knowledge Discovery from Simulation-Based Multi-Objective Optimization in Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems2022In: Proceedings of the 2022 Winter Simulation Conference / [ed] B. Feng; G. Pedrielli; Y. Peng; S. Shashaani; E. Song; C. G. Corlu; L. H. Lee; E. P. Chew; T. Roeder; P. Lendermann, IEEE, 2022, p. 1794-1805Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Due to the nature of today's manufacturing industry, where enterprises are subjected to frequent changes and volatile markets, reconfigurable manufacturing systems (RMS) are crucial when addressing ramp-up and ramp-down scenarios derived from, among other challenges, increasingly shortened product lifecycles. Applying simulation-based optimization techniques to their designs under different production volume scenarios has become valuable when RMS becomes more complex. Apart from proposing the optimal solutions subject to various production volume changes, decision-makers can extract propositional knowledge to better understand the RMS design and support their decision-making through a knowledge discovery method by combining simulation-based optimization and data mining techniques. In particular, this study applies a novel flexible pattern mining algorithm to conduct post-optimality analysis on multi-dimensional, multi-objective optimization datasets from an industrial-inspired application to discover the rules regarding how the tasks are assigned to the workstations constitute reasonable solutions for scalable RMS. 

  • 45.
    Beldar, Pedram
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment.
    Nourmohammadi, Amir
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment.
    Fathi, Masood
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment. Division of Industrial Engineering and Management, Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment. Division of Industrial Engineering and Management, Uppsala University, Sweden.
    A Heuristic Approach for Flexible Transfer Line Balancing Problem2024In: Procedia CIRP, E-ISSN 2212-8271, Vol. 130, p. 1144-1149Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In the face of global market challenges, manufacturers place a high priority on the improvement of their production system efficiency to sustain their competitive stance. Flexible Transfer Lines (FTLs) stand out for their adaptability, enabled by cutting-edge Computer Numerical Control (CNC) technology, automated transport, and sophisticated control software, allowing for swift adjustments to changes in product specifications. These systems are identified as essential for industries dependent on mass production, such as the automotive and aerospace sectors, where a significant impact on productivity and cost efficiency is seen due to operational efficiency. This study introduces a heuristic approach for balancing FTLs. The heuristic is characterized by uniquely incorporating a broad spectrum of real-world considerations, including equipment-related, time-related, and operational-related characteristics. Through a detailed numerical example, the practical application and effectiveness of the heuristic are demonstrated, showcasing its capacity to produce a feasible solution.

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    fulltext
  • 46.
    Bernedixen, Jacob
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Multiple Choice Sets and Manhattan Distance Based Equality Constraint Handling for Production Systems OptimizationManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Many simulation-based optimization packages provide powerful algorithms to solve industrialproblems. But most of them fail to oer their users the techniques they needto eectively handle multiple-choice problems involving a large set of decision variableswith mixed types (continuous, discrete and combinatorial) and problems that are highlyconstrained (e.g., with many equality constraints). Yet such issues are found in manyreal-world production system design and improvement problems. Thus, this paper introducesa method to eectively embed multiple choice sets and Manhattan-distancebasedconstraint handling into multi-objective optimization algorithms like NSGA-II andNSGA-III. This paper illustrates and evaluates how these two techniques have been appliedtogether to solve optimal workload, buer and workforce allocation problems. Anexample follows, showing their application to a complex production system improvementproblem at an automotive manufacturer.

  • 47.
    Bernedixen, Jacob
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Practical Production Systems Optimization Using Multiple-Choice Sets and Manhattan Distance based Constraints Handling2014In: 12th International Industrial Simulation Conference 2014: ISC'2014 / [ed] Amos Ng; Anna Syberfeldt, Eurosis , 2014, p. 97-103Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Many simulation-based optimization packages provide powerful algorithms to solve large-scale system problems. But most of them fall short to offer their users the techniques to effectively handle decision variables that are of multiple-choice type, as well as equality constraints, which can be found in many real-world industrial system design and improvement problems. Hence, this paper introduces how multiple choice sets and Manhattan-distance-based constraint handling can be effectively embedded into a meta-heuristic algorithm for simulation-based optimization. How these two techniques have been applied together to make the improvement of a complex production system, provided by an automotive manufacturer, possible will also be presented.

  • 48.
    Bernedixen, Jacob
    et al.
    University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre. University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Bandaru, Sunith
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    On the convergence of stochastic simulation-based multi-objective optimization for bottleneck identificationManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    By innovatively formulating a bottleneck identication problem into a bi-objective optimization,simulation-based multi-objective optimization (SMO) can be eectively used as a new method for gen-eral production systems improvement. In a single optimization run, all attainable, maximum throughputlevels of the system can be sought through various optimal combinations of improvement changes ofthe resources. Additionally, the post-optimality frequency analysis on the Pareto-optimal solutions cangenerate a rank order of the attributes of the resources required to achieve the target throughput levels.Observing that existing research mainly put emphasis on measuring the convergence of the optimizationin the objective space, leaving no information on when the solutions in the decision space have convergedand stabilized, this paper represents the rst eort in increasing the knowledge about the convergence ofSMO for the rank ordering in the context of bottleneck analysis. By customizing the Spearman's footruledistance and Kendall's tau, this paper presents how these metrics can be used eectively to provide thedesired visual aid in determining the convergence of bottleneck ranking, hence can assist the user todetermine correctly the terminating condition of the optimization process. It illustrates and evaluatesthe convergence of the SMO for bottleneck analysis on a set of scalable benchmark models as well as twoindustrial simulation models. The results have shed promising direction of applying these new metrics tocomplex, real-world applications.

  • 49.
    Bernedixen, Jacob
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Bandaru, Sunith
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Variables Screening Enabled Multi-Objective Optimization for Bottleneck Analysis of Production SystemsManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Bottleneck analysis can be defined as the process that includes both bottleneck identification and improvement. In the literature most of the proposed bottleneck-related methods address mainly bottleneck detection. By innovatively formulating a bottleneck analysis into a bi-objective optimization method, recent research has shown that all attainable, maximized TH of a production system, through various combinations of improvement changes of the resources, can be sought in a single optimization run. Nevertheless, when applied to simulation-based evaluation, such a bi-objective optimization is computationally expensive especially when the simulation model is complex and/or with a large amount of decision variables representing the improvement actions. The aim of this paper is therefore to introduce a novel variables screening enabled bi-objective optimization that is customized for bottleneck analysis of production systems. By using the Sequential Bifurcation screening technique which is particularly suitable for large-scale simulation models, fewer simulation runs are required to find the most influenacing factors in a simulation model. With the knowledge of these input variables, the bi-objective optimization used in the bottleneck analysis can customize the genetic operators on these variables individually according to their rank of main effects with the target to speed up the entire optimization process. The screening-enabled algorithm is then applied to a set of experiments designed to evaluate how well it performs when the number of variables increases is a scalable, benchmark model, as well as two real-world industrial-scale simulation models found in the automotive industry. The results have illustrated the promising direction of incorporating the knowledge of influencing variables and variable-wise genetic operators into a multi-objective optimization algorithm for bottleneck analysis.

  • 50.
    Bernedixen, Jacob
    et al.
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre.
    Ng, Amos H. C.
    University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre. University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science.
    Pehrsson, Leif
    University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre. Volvo Car Corporation, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Antonsson, Tobias
    Volvo Car Corporation, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Simulation-based multi-objective bottleneck improvement: Towards an automated toolset for industry2015In: Proceedings of the 2015 Winter Simulation Conference / [ed] L. Yilmaz, W. K. V. Chan, I. Moon, T. M. K. Roeder, C. Macal, and M. D. Rossetti, Press Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 2015, p. 2183-2194Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Manufacturing companies of today are under pressure to run their production most efficiently in order to sustain their competitiveness. Manufacturing systems usually have bottlenecks that impede their performance, and finding the causes of these constraints, or even identifying their locations, is not a straightforward task. SCORE (Simulation-based COnstraint REmoval) is a promising method for detecting and ranking bottlenecks of production systems, that utilizes simulation-based multi-objective optimization (SMO). However, formulating a real-world, large-scale industrial bottleneck analysis problem into a SMO problem using the SCORE-method manually include tedious and error-prone tasks that may prohibit manufacturing companies to benefit from it. This paper presents how the greater part of the manual tasks can be automated by introducing a new, generic way of defining improvements of production systems and illustrates how the simplified application of SCORE can assist manufacturing companies in identifying their production constraints.

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    Simulation-based multi-objective bottleneck improvement: towards an automated toolset for industry
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