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3D Sensors on Driverless Trucks for Detection of Overhanging Objects in the Pathway
University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, The Virtual Systems Research Centre. (Produktion och automatiseringsteknik, Production and Automation Engineering)
School of Information Technology, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden.
2016 (English)In: Autonomous Industrial Vehicles: From the Laboratory to the Factory Floor / [ed] Roger Bostelman, Elena Messina, West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2016, p. 41-56Chapter in book (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Human-operated and driverless trucks often collaborate in a mixed work space in industries and warehouses. This is more efficient and flexible than using only one kind of truck. However, because driverless trucks need to give way to driven trucks, a reliable detection system is required. Several challenges exist in the development of such a system. The first is to select interesting situations and objects. Overhanging objects are often found in industrial environments (e.g., tines on a forklift). Second is choosing a system that has the ability to detect those situations. (The traditional laser scanner situated two decimetres above the floor does not detect overhanging objects.) Third is to ensure that the perception system is reliable. A solution used on trucks today is to mount a two-dimensional laser scanner on top and tilt the scanner toward the floor. However, objects at the top of the truck will be detected too late, and a collision cannot always be avoided. Our aim is to replace the upper two-dimensional laser scanner with a three-dimensional camera, structural light, or time-of-flight (TOF) camera. It is important to maximize the field of view in the desired detection volume. Hence, the sensor placement is important. We conducted laboratory experiments to check and compare the various sensors' capabilities for different colors, using tines and a model of a tine in a controlled industrial environment. We also conducted field experiments in a warehouse. Our conclusion is that both the tested structural light and TOF sensors have problems detecting black items that are non-perpendicular to the sensor. It is important to optimize the light economy—meaning the illumination power, field of view, and exposure time—in order to detect as many different objects as possible.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2016. p. 41-56
Series
American Society for Testing and Materials Special Technical Publications, ISSN 0066-0558 ; 1594
National Category
Robotics
Research subject
Production and Automation Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:his:diva-12820DOI: 10.1520/STP159420150051ISI: 000380525000003Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-84978164198ISBN: 978-0-8031-7633-1 (print)ISBN: 978-0-8031-7634-8 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:his-12820DiVA, id: diva2:955623
Conference
Workshop on Autonomous Industrial Vehicles - from Laboratory to the Factory Floor, Seattle, Washington, USA, May 26-30, 2015
Available from: 2016-08-25 Created: 2016-08-25 Last updated: 2020-04-30Bibliographically approved

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Hedenberg, Klas

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