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Identification of dementia in epidemiological research: A study on the usefulness of various data sources
Institute of Gerontology, School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6305-8993
Institute of Gerontology, School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University, Sweden.
Institute of Gerontology, School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University, Sweden.
2007 (English)In: Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, ISSN 1594-0667, E-ISSN 1720-8319, Vol. 19, no 5, p. 381-389Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background and aims: Prevalence and incidence ratios of dementia in epidemiological studies vary according to the data source used. Medical records, cognitive tests, and registry information are sources frequently used to differentiate dementia from normal aging. The aim of the present study was to compare the identification of dementia from these different sources with that from consensus diagnosis. 

Methods: 498 elderly people (age range 70–81 at baseline) enrolled in a Swedish population-based longitudinal twin study (Gender) were evaluated on physical and mental health and interviewed for their socio-demographic background three times during an eight-year period. Reviews of medical records and the Swedish Discharge Registry (DR) were conducted. The 10th percentile was used to differentiate between dementia and non-dementia in all cognitive tests. Scores of 24 or below on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (range 1–30) indicated dementia. A consensus conference diagnosed dementia on the basis of total information. The consensus diagnosis was used as the gold standard. 

Results: MMSE scores (sensitivity 64%, specificity 96%, kappa 0.65) and the review of medical records (sensitivity 57%, specificity 99%, kappa 0.65) were good sources for dementia identification. The precision of medical records increased when recordings of cognitive impairment were included (sensitivity 83%, specificity 98%, kappa 0.84). The discharge registry had low sensitivity (26%) and kappa coefficient (0.31). 

Conclusions: The present study shows that both review of medical records and MMSE scores are good although not perfect identifiers of dementia. The discharge registry is an uncertain source of dementia identification.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature Switzerland AG , 2007. Vol. 19, no 5, p. 381-389
Keywords [en]
Cognitive tests, consensus, dementia, diagnosis, medical records
National Category
Geriatrics Gerontology, specialising in Medical and Health Sciences Public Health, Global Health and Social Medicine
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:his:diva-21913DOI: 10.1007/BF03324718ISI: 000251732600007PubMedID: 18007116Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-37349072462OAI: oai:DiVA.org:his-21913DiVA, id: diva2:1701513
Funder
Axel and Margaret Ax:son Johnson FoundationVårdal Foundation
Note

 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Part of Springer Nature.

This research was supported by the MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Successful Aging, Axel and Margaret Ax:son Johnson’s Foundation, Swedish Council for Social Research, Swedish Foundation for Health Care Sciences and Allergy Research, and the King Gustaf V and Queen Viktoria Foundation.

Available from: 2007-11-02 Created: 2022-10-06 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Body mass index, cognitive ability, and dementia: prospective associations and methodological issues in late life
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Body mass index, cognitive ability, and dementia: prospective associations and methodological issues in late life
2009 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The aims of the present study were to investigate the association between overweight and cognitive ability and dementia, and to evaluate the usefulness of self-reported body mass index (BMI) in late life and various data sources commonly used in epidemiological studies to identify persons with dementia. Data were drawn from three population-based studies: the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging (SATSA), Aging in Women and Men: A Longitudinal Study of Gender Differences in Health Behaviour and Health among Elderly (the Gender Study), and the Finnish Lieto Study. In Study I, the agreement between self-reported and measured BMI over time was evaluated among 774 men and women, ages 40 to 88 years at baseline (mean age 63.9) participating in both the questionnaire phase and in-person testing of SATSA. Latent growth curve (LGC) modeling showed a small but significant increase between self-reported and measured BMI (0.02 kg/m2/y) over time, which would probably not affect the results if self-reported BMI were used as a continuous variable in longitudinal research. In Study II, the agreement between dementia diagnoses from various sources and dementia diagnoses set at a consensus conference was evaluated. Among the 498 elderly people ages 70 to 81 at baseline (mean age 74.5) enrolled in the Gender Study, 87 were diagnosed with dementia during an eight-year period. Review of medical records and nurse evaluations yielded the highest sensitivity (0.83 and 0.80, respectively) and a high specificity (0.98 and 0.96), indicating that these sources might be good proxies of dementia, while data extraction from the Swedish Inpatient Discharge Registry underestimated the prevalence of dementia (sensitivity 0.26). In Study III, the association between being overweight in midlife and cognitive ability in late life was examined in SATSA. The 781 participants ages 25 to 63 at baseline (mean age 41.6) in 1963 or 1973 self-reported their height and weight. From 1986 until 2002, they were assessed five times using a cognitive test battery. LGC models showed that people with higher midlife BMI scores had significantly lower cognitive ability and a significantly steeper decline than their thinner counterparts, an association that persisted when those who developed dementia during the study period were excluded from the analysis. This finding indicates that being overweight might affect cognitive ability independently of dementia. In Study IV, the association between BMI and dementia risk in older persons was described among 605 persons without dementia and ages 65 to 92 at baseline (mean age 70.8) in the Lieto Study. Among these, 86 persons were diagnosed with dementia during eight years of follow-up. Cox regression analyses indicated that for each unit increase in BMI score, the risk of dementia decreased 8% (hazard ratio = 0.92, 95% confidence interval = 0.87–0.97) and the association remained significant when individuals who developed dementia during the first four years of follow-up were excluded from the analyses. This result suggests that low BMI scores are present almost a decade before clinical dementia onset.

Abstract [sv]

Syftet med den här studien är att studera sambandet mellan övervikt, kognitiv funktion och demens, och att bedöma tillförlitligheten av självrapporterat body mass index (BMI) och olika datakällor som ofta används i epidemiologiska studier för att identifiera personer med demens. I avhandlingen används data från tre populationsbaserade studier: the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging (SATSA), Aging in Women and Men: A Longitudinal Study of Gender Differences in Health Behaviour and Health among Elderly (Gender studien) och den Finska Lieto studien. I studie I granskas överensstämmelsen mellan självrapporterad och uppmätt BMI bland 774 män och kvinnor i SATSA, 40 till 88 år (medelålder 63.9 år) vid det första mättillfället. Latent growth curve (LGC) modeller visade en liten men signifikant ökning i medelvärdesskillnaden mellan uppmätt och självrapporterat BMI (0.02 kg/m2/år) över tid, som förmodligen inte påverkar resultaten om BMI används som en kontinuerlig variabel i longitudinella studier. I studie II utvärderas överensstämmelsen mellan demensdiagnoser från en konsensuskonferens med demensdiagnoser från andra källor. Av 498 personer som var 70 till 81 år vid det första mättillfället (medelålder 74.5 år) i Gender studien diagnostiserades 87 personer med demens under de åtta år som studien pågick. De bästa datakällorna var de medicinska journalerna och sjuksköterskornas bedömningar, med både hög sensitivitet (0.83 och 0.80) och specificitet (0.98 och 0.96). Sensitiviteten för slutenvårdsregistret var låg (0.26) och underestimerade därmed prevalensen av demens. I studie III analyseras sambandet mellan övervikt i medelåldern och kognitiv förmåga i hög ålder. De 781 personer som deltog i SATSA var 25 till 63 år vid det första mättillfället (medelålder 41.6 år) 1963 eller 1973, då de självrapporterade längd och vikt. Med start 1986 testades dessa personers kognitiva förmåga fem gånger fram till och med 2002. LGC-modeller visade att personer som var överviktiga i medelåldern hade lägre kognitiv förmåga och att den förmågan försämrades snabbare i hög ålder, även när personer med demens uteslöts från analyserna, vilket tyder på att övervikt i medelåldern påverkar den kognitiva förmågan oberoende av demens. I studie IV studeras sambandet mellan BMI och demensrisk bland 605 personer som var 65 till 92 år vid första mättillfället (medelålder 70.8 år) i Lieto studien. Bland dessa diagnostiserades 86 personer med demens under en uppföljningsperiod på åtta år. Cox regressioner visade att för varje enhetsökning i BMI minskade risken att drabbas av demens med åtta procent (hazard ratio=0.92, 95% konfidensintervall=0.87–0.97). Sambandet kvarstod då personer som diagnostiserades med demens under de först fyra åren uteslöts från analyserna, vilket tyder på att personer som drabbas av demens har ett lågt BMI minst åtta år innan demens konstateras kliniskt.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Jönköping: School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University, 2009. p. 92
Series
Dissertation Series. School of Health Sciences, ISSN 1654-3602 ; 7
Keywords
aging, body mass index, cognition, dementia, epidemiology, longitudinal, population-based, prospective
National Category
Gerontology, specialising in Medical and Health Sciences Geriatrics Public Health, Global Health and Social Medicine
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:his:diva-21911 (URN)978-91-85835-06-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2009-09-25, Forum Humanum, Hälsohögskolan, Barnarpsgatan 39, Jönköping, 10:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2022-10-06 Created: 2022-10-06 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved

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Dahl, AnnaBerg, StigNilsson, Sven E.

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