Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary ; Hungarian Twin Registry, Budapest, Hungary.
Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary ; Hungarian Twin Registry, Budapest, Hungary.
Istituto Superiore di Sanità - Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Rome, Italy.
Istituto Superiore di Sanità - Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Rome, Italy.
Istituto Superiore di Sanità - Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Rome, Italy.
Center for Twin Research, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan ; School of Nursing, Shiga University of Medical Science, Osaka, Japan.
Center for Twin Research, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan ; Faculty of Health Science, Kio University, Nara, Japan.
Center for Twin Research, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
Center for Twin Research, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
Center for Twin Research, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea ; Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea ; Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA ; VA San Diego Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
Centre of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ghent University Hospitals, Belgium.
Centre of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium.
The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Genetic Epidemiology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
Genetic Epidemiology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
Division of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
Division of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
Center for Fertility and Health, The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Twins Research Australia, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea ; Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Twins Research Australia, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain ; IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.
Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, University of Murcia, Spain ; IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.
Genetic Epidemiology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia ; Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, University of Murcia, Spain.
Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.
Department of Public Health, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China.
Department of Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention, Qingdao Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Qingdao, China.
Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Psychiatry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
Netherlands Twin Register, Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark ; Department of Public Health (Section of Epidemiology), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland.
Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland.
Nature Portfolio , 2022. Vol. 12, no 1, article id 13148
Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to K.S.
This study was conducted within the CODATwins project. Open access funded by Helsinki University Library. Support for collaborators: This research was facilitated through access to Twins Research Australia, a national resource supported by a Centre of Research Excellence Grant (ID: 1079102), from the National Health and Medical Research Council. Data collection and analyses in Finnish twin cohorts have been supported by ENGAGE – European Network for Genetic and Genomic Epidemiology, FP7-HEALTH-F4-2007, Grant Agreement Number 201413, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (Grants AA-12502, AA-00145, and AA-09203 to R J Rose, the Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics (Grant Numbers: 213506, 129680), and the Academy of Finland (Grants 100499, 205585, 118555, 141054, 265240, 263278 and 264146 to J Kaprio). Since its origin the East Flanders Prospective Survey has been partly supported by Grants from the Fund of Scientific Research, Flanders and Twins, a non-profit Association for Scientific Research in Multiple Births (Belgium). Anthropometric measurements of the Hungarian twins were supported by Medexpert Ltd., Budapest, Hungary. Korean Twin-Family Register was supported by the Global Research Network Program of the National Research Foundation (NRF 2011-220-E00006). The Murcia Twin Registry is supported by Fundación Séneca, Regional Agency for Science and Technology, Murcia, Spain (19479/PI/14) and Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain (RTI2018-095185-B-I00, co-funded by European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)). Osaka University Aged Twin Registry is supported by Grants from JSPS KAKENHI JP (23593419, 24792601, 26671010, 24590695, 26293128, 16K15385, 16K15978, 16K15989, 16H03261). The Swedish Twin Registry is managed by Karolinska Institutet and receives funding through the Swedish Research Council under the Grant No. 2017-00641. Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging was supported by National Institute of Health Grants NIA R01 AG018384, R01 AG018386, R01 AG022381, and R01 AG022982. The Cooperative Studies Program of the Office of Research & Development of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs has provided financial support for the development and maintenance of the Vietnam Era Twin (VET) Registry. The content of this manuscript is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIA/NIH, or the VA. The NAS-NRC Twin Registry acknowledges financial support from the National Institutes of Health Grant Number R21 AG039572.