Long working hours and risk of 50 health conditions and mortality outcomes: a multicohort study in four European countriesStress Research Institute at the Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden.
National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ; Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Sweden.
National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Berlin, Germany.
Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden.
National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Stress Research Institute at the Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden.
Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
VIVE–The Danish Center for Social Science Research, Copenhagen, Denmark.
National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark ; Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark ; Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
Stress Research Institute at the Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden.
Stress Research Institute at the Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden.
Department of Public Health, University of Turku, and Population Research Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland.
School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland ; Division of Insurance Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK.
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland ; Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland ; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK.
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2021 (English)In: The Lancet Regional Health: Europe, E-ISSN 2666-7762, Vol. 11, article id 100212Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]
Background: Studies on the association between long working hours and health have captured only a narrow range of outcomes (mainly cardiometabolic diseases and depression) and no outcome-wide studies on this topic are available. To achieve wider scope of potential harm, we examined long working hours as a risk factor for a wide range of disease and mortality endpoints. Methods: The data of this multicohort study were from two population cohorts from Finland (primary analysis, n=59 599) and nine cohorts (replication analysis, n=44 262) from Sweden, Denmark, and the UK, all part of the Individual-participant Meta-analysis in Working Populations (IPD-Work) consortium. Baseline-assessed long working hours (≥55 hours per week) were compared to standard working hours (35-40 h). Outcome measures with follow-up until age 65 years were 46 diseases that required hospital treatment or continuous pharmacotherapy, all-cause, and three cause-specific mortality endpoints, ascertained via linkage to national health and mortality registers. Findings: 2747 (4·6%) participants in the primary cohorts and 3027 (6·8%) in the replication cohorts worked long hours. After adjustment for age, sex, and socioeconomic status, working long hours was associated with increased risk of cardiovascular death (hazard ratio 1·68; 95% confidence interval 1·08-2·61 in primary analysis and 1·52; 0·90-2·58 in replication analysis), infections (1·37; 1·13-1·67 and 1·45; 1·13-1·87), diabetes (1·18; 1·01-1·38 and 1·41; 0·98-2·02), injuries (1·22; 1·00-1·50 and 1·18; 0·98-1·18) and musculoskeletal disorders (1·15; 1·06-1·26 and 1·13; 1·00-1·27). Working long hours was not associated with all-cause mortality. Interpretation: Follow-up of 50 health outcomes in four European countries suggests that working long hours is associated with an elevated risk of early cardiovascular death and hospital-treated infections before age 65. Associations, albeit weak, were also observed with diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders and injuries. In these data working long hours was not related to elevated overall mortality. Funding: NordForsk, the Medical Research Council, the National Institute on Aging, the Wellcome Trust, Academy of Finland, and Finnish Work Environment Fund.
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2021. Vol. 11, article id 100212
National Category
Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology Cardiology and Cardiovascular Disease Urology and Nephrology
Research subject
Research on Citizen Centered Health, University of Skövde (Reacch US)
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:his:diva-20787DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100212ISI: 000734491900009PubMedID: 34917998Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85120606095OAI: oai:DiVA.org:his-20787DiVA, id: diva2:1620791
Funder
NordForskWellcome trustAcademy of Finland
Note
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
© 2021 The Authors
Corresponding author: Jenni Ervasti
Funding: NordForsk, the Medical Research Council, the National Institute on Aging, the Wellcome Trust, Academy of Finland, and Finnish Work Environment Fund.
2021-12-162021-12-162025-02-10Bibliographically approved