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Evaluation Framework for Augmented Reality Smart Glasses as Assembly Operator Support: Case Study of Tool Implementation
University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment. (Produktion och Automatiseringsteknik, Production and Automation Engineering)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9512-7554
University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment. (Produktion och Automatiseringsteknik, Production and Automation Engineering)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1699-3778
University of Skövde, School of Engineering Science. University of Skövde, Virtual Engineering Research Environment. (Produktion och Automatiseringsteknik, Production and Automation Engineering)ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3973-3394
2021 (English)In: IEEE Access, E-ISSN 2169-3536, Vol. 9, p. 104904-104914Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Augmented reality smart glasses (ARSG) have been identified as relevant support tools for the Operator 4.0 paradigm. Although ARSG are starting to be used in industry, their use is not yet widespread. A previously developed online tool based on a framework for evaluating ARSG as assembly operator support is iteratively improved in this paper with expanded functionality. The added functionality consists of practical recommendations for implementing ARSG in production. These recommendations were produced with the help of five focus groups of industrial representatives working in production. The recommendations were evaluated using case studies at three different companies. The recommendations were found to be detailed and a good support for the process of considering ARSG integration into production. The companies overall found the tool and its recommendations to be relevant and correct for their cases.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE, 2021. Vol. 9, p. 104904-104914
Keywords [en]
augmented reality, augmented reality smart glasses, focus groups, framework
National Category
Production Engineering, Human Work Science and Ergonomics Information Systems
Research subject
Production and Automation Engineering; VF-KDO
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:his:diva-20403DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3096855ISI: 000679521900001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85111974292OAI: oai:DiVA.org:his-20403DiVA, id: diva2:1584439
Part of project
Virtual factories with knowledge-driven optimization (VF-KDO), Knowledge Foundation
Note

CC BY 4.0

Corresponding author: Oscar Danielsson (oscar.danielsson@his.se)

Available from: 2021-08-12 Created: 2021-08-12 Last updated: 2024-06-19Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Augmented reality smart glasses as assembly operator support: A framework for enabling industrial integration
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Augmented reality smart glasses as assembly operator support: A framework for enabling industrial integration
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Manufacturing industry is seeing vast improvements in productivity and flexibility as the fourth industrial revolution continues to unfold. However, despite improved computation and automation capacity, there is still a role for operators to play in Industry 4.0, mirrored in the concept of Operator 4.0. Improved productivity and a more competitive global market have contributed to increasing manufacturing complexity, putting greater cognitive demands on operators. A technology that can support operators in this new manufacturing landscape is augmented reality (AR), specifically, headworn AR smart glasses (ARSG). With ARSG, operators can receive information interactively in real time, hands free and overlying their natural environment. ARSG are an emerging technology that is becoming more mature; there are early examples of their use in manufacturing industry, but ARSG are not yet widespread.

Because ARSG are an emerging technology, there is still uncertainty as to how ARSG can be integrated, like other production equipment, in assembly lines. When current literature was analyzed, it was found that there is a need for more knowledge particularly from the manufacturing engineering perspective of practically integrating ARSG on the industrial shop floor in the long term. This thesis therefore aims to create a framework that supports industry in making strategic and practical decisions about integrating ARSG in production as an assembly operator support tool. The framework is designed to guide industrial decision makers in evaluating the suitability of ARSG as support in an assembly station and, further to offer specific recommendations and rationales for actions to take. It has two main perspectives: the operators using the ARSG and the manufacturing engineers conducting the integration into the production systems. The framework was iteratively developed, using design science combining qualitative and quantitative methods into mixed methods. Three research questions were developed and answered as steps toward creating and evaluating the framework.

The results of the thesis show that ARSG integration should be considered in relation to the investment cost and efficiency gains. For instance, ARSG requires the digitalization of assembly instructions before it can be feasible. If operators are mostly stationary when working and have little need for spatial guidance, there might be cheaper alternatives to ARSG, such as monitors or pick-by-light, that merit prior consideration. The framework has been developed and tested iteratively with industrial experts from different fields, with the initial strawman design based on three literature reviews and previous research.

Abstract [sv]

Tillverkningsindustrin ser omfattande förbättringar i produktivitet och flexibilitet när den fjärde industriella revolutionen fortsätter att vecklas ut. Men trots förbättrad beräknings- och automationskapacitet så finns det fortfarande en roll för operatörer i Industri 4.0, vilket speglas i konceptet Operatör 4.0. Ökad produktivitet och mer konkurrens på en global marknad har bidragit till att öka tillverkningens komplexitet och de kognitiva krav som sätts på operatörer. En teknologi som kan stödja operatörer i det nya produktionslandskapet är förstärkt verklighet (engelska ”augmented reality, AR), specifikt den huvudburna varianten i formen av smarta AR glasögon (ARSG). Med ARSG kan operatörer ta emot information interaktivt, i realtid, överlagt på deras verkliga miljö och utan att behöva använda händerna. ARSG är en framväxande teknologi som blir alltmer mogen och det finns tidiga exempel på där de används inom tillverkningsindustrin; men ARSG är ännu inte vitt spridda.

I och med att ARSG är en framväxande teknologi så finns det fortfarande osäkerhet kring hur ARSG kan integreras likt annan produktionsutrustning i monteringslinjer. När den aktuella litteraturen analyserades så identifierades det ett behov av mer kunskap relaterat speciellt till beredningsperspektivet, att praktiskt integrera ARSG på industrigolvet i ett långt perspektiv. Målet med den här avhandlingen är därför att skapa ett ramverk som stödjer industrin i strategiska och praktiska beslut i integrering av ARSG i produktion som ett stödverktyg för monteringsoperatörer. Ramverket är designat för att vägleda industriella beslutsfattare i utvärderingen av lämpligheten av ARSG som stöd i en monteringsstation och att vidare ge specifika rekommendationer och motiveringar för handlingar att utföra. Det har två huvudperspektiv, operatörerna som använder ARSG och beredarna som utför integrationsarbetet in i produktionssystemen. Ramverket utvecklades iterativt genom användande av designvetenskap och kombinerandet av kvalitativa och kvantitative metoder till blandade metoder. Tre forskningsfrågor utvecklades och besvarades som steg mot att skapa och utvärdera ramverket.

Resultaten från avhandlingen visar att ARSG integrering ska övervägas i relation till kostnaden för investeringen och den ökade effektiviteten. Till exempel kräver ARSG digitaliserade instruktioner för att kunna användas. Om operatörer främst är stationära och har litet behov av spatial vägledning så kan det finnas billigare alternativ till ARSG, som bildskärmar eller ”pick-by-light,” som först ska övervägas. Ramverket har utvecklats och testats iterativt med industriella experter from olika områden och med en initial halmgubbedesign baserad i tre litteraturstudier och tidigare forskning.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Skövde: University of Skövde, 2022. p. xix, 101, [67]
Series
Dissertation Series ; 48
National Category
Computer and Information Sciences Production Engineering, Human Work Science and Ergonomics Human Computer Interaction
Research subject
Production and Automation Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:his:diva-22635 (URN)978-91-987906-2-7 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-09-16, ASSAR Industrial Innovation Arena, Skövde, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-06-07 Created: 2023-06-01 Last updated: 2023-06-07Bibliographically approved

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Danielsson, OscarHolm, MagnusSyberfeldt, Anna

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