The interest in mindfulness meditation has increased immensely in psychology practice and research the past few decades. Yet, considerably little is known about the neurological mechanisms underlying mindfulness meditation and its effects on the human mind and behaviour. That is why this thesis aims to identify the brain regions that has been consistently associated with mindfulness meditation practice. When looking at both long-term and short-term effects of mindfulness meditation this thesis identified twelve brain areas consistently associated with mindfulness meditation: the cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex, temporoparietal junction, somatosensory cortices, the insula, hippocampus, inferior temporal and fusiform gyrus, precuneus and corpus callousum. By looking at the functions associated with these brain regions one might gain some insight into why and in what way mindfulness meditation also affects individuals behaviourally, cognitively and emotionally. Although the results are promising they are compromised by low methodological quality, especially due to small sample groups and difficulty deciding the causation in cross-sectional studies.