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Hiltunen, S., Karevaara, M., Virta, M., Makkonen, T., Kallio, S. & Paavilainen, P. (2021). No evidence for theta power as a marker of hypnotic state in highly hypnotizable subjects. Heliyon, 7(4), Article ID e06871.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>No evidence for theta power as a marker of hypnotic state in highly hypnotizable subjects
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2021 (English)In: Heliyon, E-ISSN 2405-8440, Vol. 7, no 4, article id e06871Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

EEG spectral-power density was analyzed in a group of nine highly hypnotizable subjects via ten frontal, central, parietal, and occipital electrodes under four conditions: 1) wake state, 2) neutral hypnosis, 3) hypnotic suggestion for altering perception of tones, and 4) post-hypnosis. Results indicate no theta-power changes between conditions, challenging previous findings that increased theta power is a marker of hypnosis. A decrease in gamma power under hypnotic suggestion and an almost significant decrease under neutral hypnosis were observed, compared to post-hypnosis. Anteroposterior power distribution remained stable over all conditions. The results are discussed and compared to earlier studies, which report heterogenous findings. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2021
Keywords
Brain oscillations, EEG, Hypnosis, Hypnotic suggestion, Spectral-power density
National Category
Neurosciences
Research subject
Consciousness and Cognitive Neuroscience
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:his:diva-19700 (URN)10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06871 (DOI)000646310700018 ()33997402 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85104937684 (Scopus ID)
Note

CC BY 4.0

© 2021 The Author(s)

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agenciesin the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Available from: 2021-05-17 Created: 2021-05-17 Last updated: 2021-09-08Bibliographically approved
Tuominen, J., Kallio, S., Kaasinen, V. & Railo, H. (2021). Segregated brain state during hypnosis. Neuroscience of Consciousness, 7(1), Article ID niab002.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Segregated brain state during hypnosis
2021 (English)In: Neuroscience of Consciousness, E-ISSN 2057-2107, Vol. 7, no 1, article id niab002Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Can the brain be shifted into a different state using a simple social cue, as tests on highly hypnotizable subjects would suggest? Demonstrating an altered global brain state is difficult. Brain activation varies greatly during wakefulness and can be voluntarily influenced. We measured the complexity of electrophysiological response to transcranial magnetic stimulation in one 'hypnotic virtuoso'. Such a measure produces a response arguably outside the subject's voluntary control and has been proven adequate for discriminating conscious from unconscious brain states. We show that a single-word hypnotic induction robustly shifted global neural connectivity into a state where activity remained sustained but failed to ignite strong, coherent activity in frontoparietal cortices. Changes in perturbational complexity indicate a similar move towards a more segregated state. We interpret these findings to suggest a shift in the underlying state of the brain, likely moderating subsequent hypnotic responding.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Oxford University Press, 2021
Keywords
brain dynamics, hypnosis, metastability, transcranial magnetic stimulation
National Category
Neurosciences
Research subject
Consciousness and Cognitive Neuroscience
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:his:diva-19652 (URN)10.1093/nc/niab002 (DOI)000635727000001 ()33747546 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85105589799 (Scopus ID)
Funder
European Commission, 308533Academy of Finland, 308533
Note

CC BY 4.0

Correspondence address: Department of Psychology, Publicum/Assistentinkatu 7, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland; Phone: +358 50 302 3719, Fax: +358 29 450 5040 E-mail: jarno.tuominen@utu.fi

This work was supported by the Academy of Finland (grant number 308533) to H.R., and by the Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation to S.K.

Academy of Finland European Commission 308533

Available from: 2021-04-22 Created: 2021-04-22 Last updated: 2023-10-05Bibliographically approved
Kallio, S. (2021). Time to update our suggestibility scales [Letter to the editor]. Consciousness and Cognition, 90, Article ID 103103.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Time to update our suggestibility scales
2021 (English)In: Consciousness and Cognition, ISSN 1053-8100, E-ISSN 1090-2376, Vol. 90, article id 103103Article in journal, Letter (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Oakley and colleagues (2021) suggest that a classic scale – HGSHS:A, aiming to measure hypnotic suggestibility – can be used to measure direct verbal suggestibility (DVS). According to the authors, DVS is a trait that can be measured both with and without hypnosis. I find this initiative highly welcome. However, I wish to give several examples why it is time to develop entirely new scales instead. Rather than trying to explain more phenomena with a single scale or concept, researchers should take a cue from research that points to a far more nuanced picture of suggestibility than a construct like DVS allows. There may be no single, unified phenomenon that can be measured with a single scale. The old, time-tested scales should be treated neither as sacred nor final. They require up-to-date, critical analysis of what exactly they measure, with an eye to how they can be further improved.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2021
Keywords
Automaticity, Hypnosis, Ideomotor suggestion, Suggestibility
National Category
Behavioral Sciences Biology Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology
Research subject
Consciousness and Cognitive Neuroscience
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:his:diva-19516 (URN)10.1016/j.concog.2021.103103 (DOI)000637684200004 ()33639526 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85101334932 (Scopus ID)
Note

 © 2021 Elsevier Inc.

Available from: 2021-03-04 Created: 2021-03-04 Last updated: 2021-05-07Bibliographically approved
Hiltunen, S., Virta, M., Kallio, S. & Paavilainen, P. (2019). The effects of hypnosis and hypnotic suggestions on the mismatch negativity in highly hypnotizable subjects. International journal of clinical and experimental hypnosis, 67(2), 192-216
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The effects of hypnosis and hypnotic suggestions on the mismatch negativity in highly hypnotizable subjects
2019 (English)In: International journal of clinical and experimental hypnosis, ISSN 0020-7144, E-ISSN 1744-5183, Vol. 67, no 2, p. 192-216Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The neural mechanisms associated with hypnosis were investigated in a group of 9 high hypnotizable subjects by measuring the mismatch negativity (MMN) component of the auditory eventrelated potential (ERP). ERPs were recorded using a passive oddball paradigm to sinusoidal standard and deviant tone stimuli of 500 and 520 Hz, respectively, in four conditions: prehypnosis, neutral hypnosis, hypnotic suggestion for altering the tone perception, and posthypnotic conditions. Earlier studies have indicated that hypnosis and hypnotic suggestions might have an effect on MMN, but the results of our study contradict these results: No statistically significant differences were found between the conditions in the MMN amplitudes.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Routledge, 2019
Keywords
Hypnosis, Mismatch negativity
National Category
Behavioral Sciences Biology
Research subject
Consciousness and Cognitive Neuroscience
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:his:diva-16770 (URN)10.1080/00207144.2019.1580966 (DOI)000463557000004 ()30939087 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85063865309 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2019-04-12 Created: 2019-04-12 Last updated: 2019-08-06Bibliographically approved
Gerafi, J., Samuelsson, H., Viken, J. I., Blomgren, C., Claesson, L., Kallio, S., . . . Jood, K. (2017). Neglect and aphasia in the acute phase as predictors of functional outcome 7 years after ischemic stroke. European Journal of Neurology, 24(11), 1407-1415
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Neglect and aphasia in the acute phase as predictors of functional outcome 7 years after ischemic stroke
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2017 (English)In: European Journal of Neurology, ISSN 1351-5101, E-ISSN 1468-1331, Vol. 24, no 11, p. 1407-1415Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background and purpose: Visuospatial inattention (VSI) and languageimpairment (LI) are often present early after stroke and associations with an unfavorable short-term functional outcome have been reported. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a screening of VSI and LI as indicators of cortical symptoms early after stroke could predict long-term functional outcomes. Methods: A consecutive cohort of 375 patients with ischemic stroke was assessed for the occurrence of VSI at a median of 7 days after admission (interquartile range, 1–5 days) using the Star Cancellation Test and for LI (within the first 7 days) with the language item in the Scandinavian StrokeScale. Seven years later, functional outcomes were assessed by the modified Rankin scale and Frenchay Activities Index in 235 survivors without recurrent stroke. Relationships between baseline predictors and functional outcome at 7 years were analyzed with bivariate correlations and multiple categorical regressions with optimal scaling. Results: The regression model significantly explained variance in the modified Rankin scale (R2= 0.435, P < 0.001) and identified VSI (P=0.001) and neurological deficits (P < 0.001; Scandinavian Stroke Scale score without the language item) as the significant independent predictors. The model for FrenchayActivities Index was also significant (R2= 0.269, P < 0.001) with VSI(P = 0.035) and neurological deficits (P < 0.001) as significant independent predictors. Conclusions: Visuospatial inattention at acute stroke has an independent impact on long-term functional outcomes. Early recognition may enable targeted rehabilitative interventions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Inc., 2017
Keywords
Neglect, aphasia, stroke
National Category
Neurosciences
Research subject
Consciousness and Cognitive Neuroscience
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:his:diva-14110 (URN)10.1111/ene.13406 (DOI)000412673700017 ()28803458 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85029357397 (Scopus ID)
Note

First published: 12 August 2017

Available from: 2017-09-13 Created: 2017-09-13 Last updated: 2022-12-30Bibliographically approved
Kallio, S., Koivisto, M. & Kaakinen, J. K. (2017). Synaesthesia-type associations and perceptual changes induced by hypnotic suggestion. Scientific Reports, 7, Article ID 17310.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Synaesthesia-type associations and perceptual changes induced by hypnotic suggestion
2017 (English)In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 7, article id 17310Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Are synaesthetic experiences congenital and so hard-wired, or can a functional analogue be created? We induced an equivalent of form-colour synaesthesia using hypnotic suggestions in which symbols in an array (circles, crosses, squares) were suggested always to have a certain colour. In a Stroop type-naming task, three of the four highly hypnotizable participants showed a strong synaesthesia-type association between symbol and colour. This was verified both by their subjective reports and objective eye-movement behaviour. Two resembled a projector-and one an associator-type synaesthete. Participant interviews revealed that subjective experiences differed somewhat from typical (congenital) synaesthesia. Control participants who mimicked the task using cognitive strategies showed a very different response pattern. Overall, the results show that the targeted, preconsciously triggered associations and perceptual changes seen in association with congenital synaesthesia can rapidly be induced by hypnosis. They suggest that each participant's subjective experience of the task should be carefully evaluated, especially when studying hypnotic hallucinations. Studying such experiences can increase understanding of perception, automaticity, and awareness and open unique opportunities in cognitive neuroscience and consciousness research.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Nature Publishing Group, 2017
Keywords
Hypnosis, Synaesthesia, attention, Color perception, Automaticity
National Category
Behavioral Sciences Biology Neurosciences
Research subject
Consciousness and Cognitive Neuroscience
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:his:diva-14606 (URN)10.1038/s41598-017-16174-y (DOI)000417570500029 ()29229939 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85063873231 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2017-12-28 Created: 2017-12-28 Last updated: 2022-09-15Bibliographically approved
Kallio, S. & Koivisto, M. (2016). Seeing Blue As Red: A Hypnotic Suggestion Can Alter Visual Awareness of Colors. International journal of clinical and experimental hypnosis, 64(3), 261-284
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Seeing Blue As Red: A Hypnotic Suggestion Can Alter Visual Awareness of Colors
2016 (English)In: International journal of clinical and experimental hypnosis, ISSN 0020-7144, E-ISSN 1744-5183, Vol. 64, no 3, p. 261-284Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Some highly hypnotizable individuals have reported changes in objects' color with suggestions given in normal waking state. However, it is not clear whether this occurs only in their imagination. The authors show that, although subjects could imagine colors, a posthypnotic suggestion was necessary for seeing altered colors, even for a hypnotic virtuoso. She reported posthypnotic color alterations also selectively in response to specific target shapes in briefly presented object arrays. Surprisingly, another highly hypnotizable person showed a very different pattern of results. The control participants could not simulate virtuosos' results by applying cognitive strategies. The results imply that hypnosis can alter the functioning of automatic visual processes but only in some of the most hypnotizable individuals.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis, 2016
Keywords
Color perception, hypnosis, hallucination
National Category
Other Biological Topics Other Biological Topics
Research subject
Natural sciences; Consciousness and Cognitive Neuroscience
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:his:diva-12744 (URN)10.1080/00207144.2016.1171088 (DOI)000378742800001 ()27267673 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-84975463604 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2016-08-08 Created: 2016-08-08 Last updated: 2019-10-07Bibliographically approved
Virta, M., Hiltunen, S., Mattsson, M. & Kallio, S. (2015). The impact of hypnotic suggestions on reaction times in continuous performance test in adults with ADHD and healthy controls. PLOS ONE, 10(5), Article ID e0126497.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The impact of hypnotic suggestions on reaction times in continuous performance test in adults with ADHD and healthy controls
2015 (English)In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 10, no 5, article id e0126497Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Attention is one of the key factors in both hypnotic processes and patients with ADHD. In addition, the brain areas associated with hypnosis and ADHD overlap in many respects. However, the use of hypnosis in ADHD patients has still received only minor attention in research. The main purpose of the present work was to investigate whether hypnosis and hypnotic suggestions influence the performance of adult ADHD (n = 27) and control participants (n = 31) in the continuous performance test (CPT). The hypnotic susceptibility of the participants was measured by the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility (HGSHS:A) and the attentional task was a three minute long auditory version of the CPT. The CPT task was administered four times: before hypnosis (CPT1), after a hypnotic induction (CPT2), after suggestions about speed and accuracy (CPT3), and after the termination of hypnosis (CPT4). The susceptibility of the groups measured by HGSHS:A did not differ. There was a statistically significant decrease in reaction times in both ADHD and control groups between CPT2 and CPT3. The differences between CPT1 and CPT2, even though non-significant, were different in the two groups: in the ADHD group reaction times decreased whereas in the control group they increased. Both groups made very few errors in the short CPT. This study indicates that hypnotic suggestions have an effect on reaction times in the sustained attention task both in adult ADHD patients and control subjects. The theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Public Library of Science, 2015
Keywords
Hypnosis, ADHD
National Category
Behavioral Sciences Biology
Research subject
Consciousness and Cognitive Neuroscience
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:his:diva-11430 (URN)10.1371/journal.pone.0126497 (DOI)000354542500106 ()25962151 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-84930661222 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2015-08-26 Created: 2015-08-26 Last updated: 2021-06-14Bibliographically approved
Koivisto, M., Kirjanen, S., Revonsuo, A. & Kallio, S. (2013). A Preconscious Neural Mechanism of Hypnotically Altered Colors: A Double Case Study. PLOS ONE, 8(8), Article ID e70900.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Preconscious Neural Mechanism of Hypnotically Altered Colors: A Double Case Study
2013 (English)In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 8, no 8, article id e70900Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Hypnotic suggestions may change the perceived color of objects. Given that chromatic stimulus information is processed rapidly and automatically by the visual system, how can hypnotic suggestions affect perceived colors in a seemingly immediate fashion? We studied the mechanisms of such color alterations by measuring electroencephalography in two highly suggestible participants as they perceived briefly presented visual shapes under posthypnotic color alternation suggestions such as "all the squares are blue''. One participant consistently reported seeing the suggested colors. Her reports correlated with enhanced evoked upper beta-band activity (22 Hz) 70-120 ms after stimulus in response to the shapes mentioned in the suggestion. This effect was not observed in a control condition where the participants merely tried to simulate the effects of the suggestion on behavior. The second participant neither reported color alterations nor showed the evoked beta activity, although her subjective experience and event-related potentials were changed by the suggestions. The results indicate a preconscious mechanism that first compares early visual input with a memory representation of the suggestion and consequently triggers the color alteration process in response to the objects specified by the suggestion. Conscious color experience is not purely the result of bottom-up processing but it can be modulated, at least in some individuals, by top-down factors such as hypnotic suggestions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Public Library of Science, 2013
National Category
Neurosciences
Research subject
Natural sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:his:diva-8619 (URN)10.1371/journal.pone.0070900 (DOI)000324465000152 ()23940663 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-84881117166 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2013-11-05 Created: 2013-11-05 Last updated: 2021-07-30Bibliographically approved
Kallio, S. & Koivisto, M. (2013). Posthypnotic Suggestion Alters Conscious Color Perception in an Automatic Manner. International journal of clinical and experimental hypnosis, 61(4), 371-387
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Posthypnotic Suggestion Alters Conscious Color Perception in an Automatic Manner
2013 (English)In: International journal of clinical and experimental hypnosis, ISSN 0020-7144, E-ISSN 1744-5183, Vol. 61, no 4, p. 371-387Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The authors studied whether a posthypnotic suggestion to see a brief, masked target as gray can change the color experience of a hypnotic virtuoso. The visibility of the target was manipulated by varying the delay between the target and the mask that followed it. The virtuoso's subjective reports indicated that her conscious color experience was altered already at short delays between the target and the subsequent mask. The virtuoso's objectively measured pattern of responding under posthypnotic suggestion could not be mimicked either by control participants nor the virtuoso herself. Due to posthypnotic amnesia, the virtuoso was unaware of suggestions given during hypnosis. Importantly, the virtuoso could not alter her color perception without a hypnotic suggestion. These results suggest that hypnosis can affect even a highly automatic process such as color perception.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Routledge, 2013
National Category
Psychology Neurosciences
Research subject
Natural sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:his:diva-8618 (URN)10.1080/00207144.2013.810446 (DOI)000323631600001 ()23957259 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-84883502178 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2013-11-05 Created: 2013-11-05 Last updated: 2021-07-20Bibliographically approved
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ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-0071-6354

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