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Lundell, B., Lindroth, M., Gamalielsson, J., Katz, A., Brax, C., Persson, T., . . . Öberg, J. (2024). Half a step behind – bulk disclosure of confidential data in third-party GenAI solutions under the Swedish Public Access to Information and Secrecy Act. Digital Government: Research and Practice
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Half a step behind – bulk disclosure of confidential data in third-party GenAI solutions under the Swedish Public Access to Information and Secrecy Act
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2024 (English)In: Digital Government: Research and Practice, ISSN 2691-199XArticle in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [sv]

Technological progress poses unique challenges for the public sector. New technology should be adopted, but it must always be done within the framework of good administration. It follows laws governing public administration must be continuously adapted. Sweden recently amended its secrecy legislation to facilitate the use of third-party cloud solutions by public authorities. When the amendment was enacted, most public sector organisations had already been using external cloud solutions for a long time. Today, there is as much pressure on authorities to implement AI technology as there ever was to move administration into the cloud. This paper uses traditional legal methodology to investigate if the Swedish secrecy legislation adequately enables the use of cloud-based GenAI solutions. Findings indicate that the recent amendment is likely insufficient and that there are significant practical hurdles for the application of the law, particularly with services from global cloud providers. The paper contributes to the understanding of Swedish law, and of the difficulties that can occur anywhere when policy makers and legislators do not move in tandem.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ACM Digital Library, 2024
Keywords
Artificial intelligence, Law, social and behavioral sciences, transparency, algorithm, freedom of information, administrative decision making
National Category
Law and Society Law (excluding Law and Society) Public Administration Studies Information Systems
Research subject
Software Systems Research Group (SSRG); Software Systems Research Group (SSRG)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:his:diva-23979 (URN)10.1145/3673659 (DOI)
Projects
SUDO
Funder
Knowledge Foundation
Note

CC BY 4.0

This research has been financially supported by the Swedish Knowledge Foundation (KK-stiftelsen) and participating partner organisations in the SUDO project. The authors are grateful for the stimulating collaboration and support from colleagues and partner organisations.

Available from: 2024-06-18 Created: 2024-06-18 Last updated: 2024-12-06
Robles, G., Gamalielsson, J., Lundell, B., Brax, C., Persson, T., Mattsson, A., . . . Öberg, J. (2024). On the Industrial Leadership and Involvement in the LwM2M IoT Ecosystem. In: Proceedings 2024 ACM/IEEE 6th International Workshop on Software Engineering Research & Practices for the Internet of Things SERP4IoT 2024: . Paper presented at 2024 ACM/IEEE 6th International Workshop on Software Engineering Research & Practices for the Internet of Things (SERP4IoT), 20 April 2024, Lisbon, Portugal (pp. 44-51). Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
Open this publication in new window or tab >>On the Industrial Leadership and Involvement in the LwM2M IoT Ecosystem
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2024 (English)In: Proceedings 2024 ACM/IEEE 6th International Workshop on Software Engineering Research & Practices for the Internet of Things SERP4IoT 2024, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2024, p. 44-51Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The importance of standards, and especially ICT standards, in the IoT domain is widely recognised. Implementations of standard specifications provided as Open Source Software (OSS) promote interoperability and longevity of systems and create conditions for avoiding lock-in, and industrial involvement is important since it can affect community dynamics and will to contribute. The overarching goal of this study is to characterize the industrial leadership and involvement in the LwM2M (Lightweight machine to machine) ecosystem. Specifically, the main focus of the study is on involvement with OSS projects implementing LwM2M elements by individuals who cooperate in projects that implement or use the LwM2M standard in their projects. This can be done by analyzing the commits to the git repository, the bugs issued and commented in the bug-tracking system and the pull requests performed in the project. Techniques will be applied to merge authors using different identities (i.e., different e-mail addresses). By means of identifying the affiliation of those individuals we plan to analyze the involvement of companies in those projects, and thus how they are present in an IoT standard, in this case LwM2M.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2024
Keywords
IoT, software ecosystem, industry, OSS, LwM2M
National Category
Software Engineering
Research subject
Software Systems Research Group (SSRG)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:his:diva-24433 (URN)10.1145/3643794.3648274 (DOI)001293832300007 ()2-s2.0-85203152815 (Scopus ID)979-8-4007-0578-6 (ISBN)
Conference
2024 ACM/IEEE 6th International Workshop on Software Engineering Research & Practices for the Internet of Things (SERP4IoT), 20 April 2024, Lisbon, Portugal
Projects
SUstainable Digitalisation through strategic involvement with Open source projects implementing IT standards in different domains (SUDO)
Funder
Knowledge Foundation
Note

CC BY 4.0

This research has been financially supported by the Swedish Knowledge Foundation (KK-stiftelsen) and participating partner organizations in the SUDO project. The authors are grateful for the stimulating collaboration and support from colleagues and partner organizations.

Available from: 2024-08-16 Created: 2024-08-16 Last updated: 2024-10-09Bibliographically approved
Gamalielsson, J., Lundell, B., Brax, C., Persson, T., Mattsson, A., Gustavsson, T. & Feist, J. (2024). Open Source Software reference implementations for standards issued by different standards setting organisations: availability, perceptions and practices. Journal of Standardisation, 3(2), Article ID 1.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Open Source Software reference implementations for standards issued by different standards setting organisations: availability, perceptions and practices
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2024 (English)In: Journal of Standardisation, ISSN 2772-9249, Vol. 3, no 2, article id 1Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Software reference implementations of ICT standards have an important role for verifying that a standard is implementable, supporting interoperability testing among other implementations, and providing feedback to the standard development process. Providing reference implementations and widely used implementations of a standard as Open Source Software promotes wide deployment in software systems, interoperability, longevity of systems and associated digital assets, and avoidance of different lock-in effects. In this paper results are reported on the availability of, and perceptions and practices concerning, reference implementations and widely deployed implementations provided as Open Source Software for standards issued by different standards setting organisations. Specifically, findings draw from observations and analyses related to software implementations for identified standards and policy statements, issued by ETSI, IEC, IEEE, IETF, ISO, ITU-T, OASIS, and W3C.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
TU Delft Open, 2024
Keywords
ICT standards, Reference implementations, Open Source Software, Standards setting organisations
National Category
Other Computer and Information Science Information Systems
Research subject
INF304 Open Source; Software Systems Research Group (SSRG)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:his:diva-23663 (URN)10.59490/jos.2024.7140 (DOI)
Funder
Knowledge Foundation
Note

CC BY 4.0 DEED

Corresponding author: jonas.gamalielsson@his.se

This research has been financially supported by the Swedish Knowledge Foundation (KK-stiftelsen) and participating partner organisations in the SUDO project.

Available from: 2024-03-19 Created: 2024-03-19 Last updated: 2024-04-15Bibliographically approved
Lundell, B., Gamalielsson, J., Katz, A. & Lindroth, M. (2023). Avoiding lock-in effects through obtaining all necessary licences before use of a SaaS solution in a public sector organisation. European Journal of Law and Technology, 14(1)
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Avoiding lock-in effects through obtaining all necessary licences before use of a SaaS solution in a public sector organisation
2023 (English)In: European Journal of Law and Technology, E-ISSN 2042-115X, Vol. 14, no 1Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

With increased adoption and use of cloud-based software-as-a-service (SaaS) solutions from international providers many public sector organisations expose themselves to a dependency on specific providers and a range of different lock-in effects. The article reports from a case study which investigated how a large Swedish public sector organisation addressed licensing issues and lock-in effects during adoption and use of a SaaS solution (Microsoft 365). The study identifies problematic licensing issues and presents a legal analysis related to the organisational implementation of the SaaS solution in the specific organisation. Findings show that the organisation has failed to successfully obtain all necessary licences and all necessary rights which would allow for long-term maintenance of all its digital assets independently of the SaaS solution currently in use.

National Category
Computer and Information Sciences Software Engineering
Research subject
Software Systems Research Group (SSRG)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:his:diva-23719 (URN)
Note

Authors who publish with EJLT will retain copyright and moral rights in the underlying work but will grant all users the rights to copy, store and print for non-commercial use copies of their work. [further conditions, see:] https://ejlt.org/index.php/ejlt/article/view/861

BILETA Special Issue

Available from: 2024-04-16 Created: 2024-04-16 Last updated: 2024-07-05Bibliographically approved
Lundell, B., Gamalielsson, J. & Katz, A. (2023). Implementing the HEVC standard in software: Challenges and Recommendations for organisations planning development and deployment of software. Journal of Standardisation, 2, Article ID 1.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Implementing the HEVC standard in software: Challenges and Recommendations for organisations planning development and deployment of software
2023 (English)In: Journal of Standardisation, ISSN 2772-9249, Vol. 2, article id 1Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Implementation and use of an IT standard in software involves legal, technical and societal challenges. This paper addresses how an organisation can, and should, determine the conditions for implementation and use of the HEVC standard in software. The investigation considers the availability of the standard’s complete technical specification and the extent to which an organisation can access the information necessary to assess the licence conditions for standard essential patents impinging on the standard. Through an action case study approach the investigation analyses declarations in patent databases relevant to the standard and seeks to obtain patent licences from each declarant permitting implementation of the standard in software, where that software is to be provided under one (or several) of three specific open source software licences, and alternatively to be provided as an online service. Our analysis of legal and licensing conditions for use of the standard shows significant obstacles. We find that it is impossible to obtain licences from patent holders that would allow for implementation and use of the standard in open source software. The paper illuminates significant challenges related to conditions for use of the standard under (F)RAND terms and identifies that references to the standard in public procurement projects lead to anti-competitive effects.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Delft: TU Delft OPEN, 2023
Keywords
HEVC, ITU-T H.265, ISO/IEC 23008-2, Open source software, Standard essential patents, Licence conditions, (F)RAND
National Category
Software Engineering Computer and Information Sciences
Research subject
INF304 Open Source; Software Systems Research Group (SSRG)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:his:diva-22154 (URN)10.18757/jos.2022.6695 (DOI)
Note

CC BY 4.0

Published: 3-2-2023

Corresponding author: bjorn.lundell@his.se

This research has been financially supported by the Swedish Knowledge Foundation (KK-stiftelsen) and participating partner organisations in the SUDO project. 

Available from: 2022-12-20 Created: 2022-12-20 Last updated: 2023-09-06Bibliographically approved
Gamalielsson, J., Lundell, B., Brax, C., Persson, T., Mattsson, A., Gustavsson, T. & Feist, J. (2023). On availability of Open Source Software reference implementations for standards issued by different standards setting organisations. In: Kai Jakobs (Ed.), Joint Proceedings EURAS & SIIT 2023: (Responsible) Standardisation for Smart Systems. Paper presented at 27th EURAS Annual Standardisation Conference & 12th International Conference on Standardisation and Innovation in Information Technology (SIIT), 28 - 30 June 2023, Aachen, Germany (pp. 97-116). Aachen: Verlag Mainz
Open this publication in new window or tab >>On availability of Open Source Software reference implementations for standards issued by different standards setting organisations
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2023 (English)In: Joint Proceedings EURAS & SIIT 2023: (Responsible) Standardisation for Smart Systems / [ed] Kai Jakobs, Aachen: Verlag Mainz , 2023, p. 97-116Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Software reference implementations of ICT standards have an important role for verifying that a standard is implementable, supporting interoperability testing among other implementations, and providing feedback to the standard development process. Providing reference implementations and widely used implementations of a standard as Open Source Software also promotes wide deployment in software systems, avoidance of different lock-in effects, interoperability, and longevity of systems and associated digital assets. In this paper results are reported on the availability of reference implementations and widely deployed implementations provided as Open Source Software for standards issued by different standards setting organisations. Specifically, findings draw from observations and analyses related to software implementations for identified standards issued by ETSI, IEC, IEEE, IETF, ISO, ITU-T, OASIS, and W3C.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Aachen: Verlag Mainz, 2023
Series
EURAS contributions to standardisation research ; 18
Keywords
Open source software, reference implementations, standard setting organisations
National Category
Computer and Information Sciences
Research subject
Software Systems Research Group (SSRG)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:his:diva-23328 (URN)978-3-95886-491-7 (ISBN)3-95886-491-0 (ISBN)
Conference
27th EURAS Annual Standardisation Conference & 12th International Conference on Standardisation and Innovation in Information Technology (SIIT), 28 - 30 June 2023, Aachen, Germany
Funder
Knowledge Foundation
Available from: 2023-10-25 Created: 2023-10-25 Last updated: 2024-04-15Bibliographically approved
Butler, S., Gamalielsson, J., Lundell, B., Brax, C., Mattsson, A., Gustavsson, T., . . . Lönroth, E. (2023). On business adoption and use of reproducible builds for open and closed source software. Software quality journal, 31(3), 687-719
Open this publication in new window or tab >>On business adoption and use of reproducible builds for open and closed source software
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2023 (English)In: Software quality journal, ISSN 0963-9314, E-ISSN 1573-1367, Vol. 31, no 3, p. 687-719Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Reproducible builds (R-Bs) are software engineering practices that reliably create bit-for-bit identical binary executable files from specified source code. R-Bs are applied in someopen source software (OSS) projects and distributions to allow verification that the distrib-uted binary has been built from the released source code. The use of R-Bs has been advo-cated in software maintenance and R-Bs are applied in the development of some OSS secu-rity applications. Nonetheless, industry application of R-Bs appears limited, and we seekto understand whether awareness is low or if significant technical and business reasonsprevent wider adoption. Through interviews with software practitioners and business man-agers, this study explores the utility of applying R-Bs in businesses in the primary and sec-ondary software sectors and the business and technical reasons supporting their adoption.We find businesses use R-Bs in the safety-critical and security domains, and R-Bs are valu-able for traceability and support collaborative software development. We also found thatR-Bs are valued as engineering processes and are seen as a badge of software quality, butwithout a tangible value proposition. There are good engineering reasons to use R-Bs inindustrial software development, and the principle of establishing correspondence betweensource code and binary offers opportunities for the development of further applications.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 2023
Keywords
Reproducible builds, Software integrity, Software engineering, Open source software
National Category
Software Engineering
Research subject
Software Systems Research Group (SSRG)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:his:diva-22091 (URN)10.1007/s11219-022-09607-z (DOI)000889385000001 ()2-s2.0-85143160581 (Scopus ID)
Funder
University of SkövdeKnowledge Foundation
Note

CC BY 4.0

Published: 29 November 2022

Simon Butler simon.butler@his.se

Correction in: Software Quality Journal. doi:10.1007/s11219-024-09664-6

Open access funding provided by University of Skövde. This research has been financially supported by the Swedish Knowledge Foundation (KK-stiftelsen) and participating partner organisations in the LIM-IT project.

© 2022 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Part of Springer Nature.

Available from: 2022-11-30 Created: 2022-11-30 Last updated: 2024-03-15Bibliographically approved
Fischer, T., Lundell, B. & Gamalielsson, J. (2023). On PDF/A Conformance and Font Usage in PDF Documents Provided by Public Sector Organizations. International Journal of Standardization Research, 20(1), 1-19
Open this publication in new window or tab >>On PDF/A Conformance and Font Usage in PDF Documents Provided by Public Sector Organizations
2023 (English)In: International Journal of Standardization Research, ISSN 2470-8542, Vol. 20, no 1, p. 1-19Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The use of appropriate fonts and file formats for long-term maintenance of digital assets is a challenge for organizations in the public sector. The article reports from a study which investigated the PDF/A conformance and font usage in PDF files provided by Swedish public sector organizations (PSOs). This article presents an analysis of the PDF files’ properties and font usage including a categorization of fonts’ licenses. This study is motivated by the PDF/A-1 standard’s requirement that ‘only fonts that are legally embeddable in a file for unlimited, universal rendering shall be used.’ Analyzing PDF sets from three PSOs, the finding shows that the proportion of files that claim or succeed at conforming to PDF/A greatly varies among the sets despite similar backgrounds. Although the most popular way to make use of fonts is by embedding a subset of the font data, for some fonts expected to be ‘always available,’ a considerable proportion of PDF files does not include any font data. This puts the onus of locating this data on the PDF reader which is problematic for long-term archival

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IGI Global, 2023
Keywords
Archival, Embedding, Font, ISO, License, Long-Term, Open Source, Standardization, Subset, Typeface
National Category
Other Computer and Information Science Public Administration Studies Information Systems
Research subject
Software Systems Research Group (SSRG)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:his:diva-23225 (URN)10.4018/ijsr.329605 (DOI)
Funder
Knowledge Foundation
Note

CC BY 4.0

This research has been financially supported by the Swedish Knowledge Foundation (KK-stiftelsen) and participating partner organizations in the SUDO project.

Available from: 2023-09-18 Created: 2023-09-18 Last updated: 2023-10-10Bibliographically approved
Lundell, B. (2023). Yttrande över lagförslag till EU:s Cyber Resilience Act, Version 2.1, Dnr. HS 2023/495. Skövde: Högskolan i Skövde
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Yttrande över lagförslag till EU:s Cyber Resilience Act, Version 2.1, Dnr. HS 2023/495
2023 (Swedish)Report (Other academic)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Skövde: Högskolan i Skövde, 2023
National Category
Computer and Information Sciences
Research subject
Software Systems Research Group (SSRG)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:his:diva-23750 (URN)
Note

28 augusti

Yttrandet skickat till följande fem utskott, samt ordf. och vice ordf. för dessa fem utskott, i Sveriges riksdag: EU-nämnden, Finansutskottet, Försvarsutskottet, Trafikutskottet & Utbildningsutskottet

Available from: 2024-04-22 Created: 2024-04-22 Last updated: 2024-10-10Bibliographically approved
Butler, S., Gamalielsson, J., Lundell, B., Brax, C., Persson, T., Mattsson, A., . . . Öberg, J. (2022). An Exploration of Openness in Hardware and Software Through Implementation of a RISC-V Based Desktop Computer. In: Gregorio Robles; Amel Charleux; Igor Steinmacher; Javier Arroyo; Antonio Balderas; Gemma Catolino; Alexandre Decan; Francisco Martín-Rico; Amit Kumar Verma (Ed.), OpenSym '22: Proceedings of the 18th International Symposium on Open Collaboration. Paper presented at OpenSym 2022: The 18th International Symposium on Open Collaboration, Madrid, Spain, September 7 - 9, 2022. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), Article ID 4.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>An Exploration of Openness in Hardware and Software Through Implementation of a RISC-V Based Desktop Computer
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2022 (English)In: OpenSym '22: Proceedings of the 18th International Symposium on Open Collaboration / [ed] Gregorio Robles; Amel Charleux; Igor Steinmacher; Javier Arroyo; Antonio Balderas; Gemma Catolino; Alexandre Decan; Francisco Martín-Rico; Amit Kumar Verma, New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2022, article id 4Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Open hardware and open source software platforms bring benefits to both implementers and users in the form of system adaptability and maintainability, and through the avoidance of lock-in, for example. Development of the \riscv\ Instruction Set Architecture and processors during the last ten years has made the implementation of a desktop computer using open hardware, including open processors, and open source software an approaching possibility. We use the SiFive Unmatched development board and Ubuntu Linux, and the recorded experiences of system builders using the Unmatched board to explore the extent to which it is possible to create an open desktop computer. The work identifies current limitations to implementing an open computer system, which lie mainly at the interface between the operating system and hardware components. Potential solutions to the challenges uncovered are proposed, including greater consideration of openness during the early stages of product design. A further contribution is made by an account of the synergies arising from open collaboration in a private-collective innovation process.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2022
National Category
Software Engineering
Research subject
INF304 Open Source; Software Systems Research Group (SSRG)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:his:diva-21967 (URN)10.1145/3555051.3555065 (DOI)001066190000004 ()2-s2.0-85139156421 (Scopus ID)978-1-4503-9845-9 (ISBN)978-1-4503-9846-6 (ISBN)
Conference
OpenSym 2022: The 18th International Symposium on Open Collaboration, Madrid, Spain, September 7 - 9, 2022
Note

CC BY 4.0

Available from: 2022-10-18 Created: 2022-10-18 Last updated: 2023-10-13Bibliographically approved
Projects
ITEA-MoSiS [2008-04259_Vinnova]; University of SkövdeOPEES (Open Platform for the Engineering of Embedded Systems) [2010-02522_Vinnova]; University of Skövde
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-2825-135X

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